Dust Temperatures in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies

We examine far-infrared and submillimeter spectral energy distributions for galaxies in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies. For the 71 galaxies where we had complete 60-180 micron data, we fit blackbodies with lambda^-1 emissivities and average temperatures of 31 K or lambda^-2 emissivities and average temperatures of 22 K. Except for high temperatures determined in some early-type galaxies, the temperatures show no dependence on any galaxy characteristic. For the 60-850 micron range in eight galaxies, we fit blackbodies with lambda^-1, lambda-2, and lambda^-beta (with beta variable) emissivities to the data. The best results were with the lambda^-beta emissivities, where the temperatures were ~30 K and the emissivity coefficient beta ranged from 0.9 to 1.9. These results produced gas to dust ratios that ranged from 150 to 580, which were consistent with the ratio for the Milky Way and which exhibited relatively little dispersion compared to fits with fixed emissivities.Comment: AJ, 2003, in pres

Teaching word recognition to children with severe learning difficulties: an exploratory comparison of teaching methods

Background: Some children with severe learning difficulties fail to begin word recognition. For these children there is a need for an effective and appropriate pedagogy. However, conflicting advice can be found regarding this derived from teaching approaches that are not based on a shared understanding of how reading develops or the skills that the non-reader needs to master. Purpose: In this research, three techniques for teaching word recognition in this context are described and compared: (1) the handle technique, (2) morphing method and (3) word alone. It also discusses whether it is appropriate for such small-scale research to influence pedagogy. Programme description: The handle technique uses an abstract mnemonic cue used to teach word recognition, and previous research indicates it is more successful than the presentation of words alone. The morphing method transforms a word into a photographic picture and a previous study suggested that it might also be more effective that presenting words alone. Sample: Six children between 11 and 13 years of age were selected. The criterion for selection was being unable to recognise any words from the British Ability Scales Reading Test. All the children attended a school for children with severe learning difficulties. Design and methods: A three-condition related design was used. The order in which the conditions were presented was counterbalanced and each child was taught 12 words, four words in each experimental condition. The children encountered each of the three methods and overall each word was taught via each method. Within conditions (teaching methods), the presentation of words was randomised. The number of words that the children could read (without cues) before each session was recorded, following the presentation of the uncued words in a random order. The difference in the number of words recognised between the three conditions was considered using a non-parametric statistical analysis. Results: The results suggest that the handle approach might be a more effective method of teaching word recognition. Conclusion: Research in this area is necessarily small in scale. However, it is ongoing and cumulative, and can give insights into potentially beneficial changes in classroom practice

Should we take patients to hospital in cardiac arrest?

We present deep diffraction-limited far-infrared (FIR) strip maps of a sample of 63 galaxies later than S0 and brighter than BT 16.8, selected from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue of Binggeli, Sandage & Tammann (1985). The ISOPHOT instrument on board the Infrared Space Observatory was used to achieve sensitivities typically an order of magnitude deeper than IRAS in the 60 and 100µm bands and to reach the confusion limit at 170µm. The averaged 3σ upper limits for integrated flux densities of point sources at 60, 100 and 170µm are 43, 33 and 58mJy, respectively. 54 galaxies (85.7%) are detected at least at one wavelength, and 40 galaxies (63.5%) are detected at all three wavelengths. The highest detection rate (85.7%) is in the 170µm band. In many cases the galaxie

C II 158 μm Observations of a Sample of Late-Type Galaxies from the Virgo Cluster

We have observed 19 quiescent Virgo cluster spiral galaxies with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) onboard ESAs’ Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), detecting 14 in the [Cii] 157.741 μm fine structure line. Any in.uence of the Virgo cluster environment on the [Cii] emission was found to be small compared with the strong dependence of the line emission on basic measurables such as morphology or bulk mass of the stellar component, as measured by the Near-IR (K’-band) luminosity. While the range of the [Cii]-to-far-IR ratio is less than in other surveys, there is a good correlation between the strength of the [Cii] line and the far-IR flux, as measured by IRAS. We find a trend of increasing [Cii]-to-FIR flux ratio with increasing galaxy lateness. Moreover, the [Cii]-to-K’-band flux ratio shows a two order of magnitude difference between RC3 type 0 and RC3 types later than 5. These two correlations express the relation between the mechanism of the [Cii] emission and the massive star formation activity of the galaxy

An Infrared Space Observatory Atlas Of Bright Spiral Galaxies

In this first paper in a series we present an atlas of infrared images and photometry from 1.2 to 180 lm for a sample of bright spiral galaxies. The atlas galaxies are an optically selected, magnitude-limited sample of 77 spiral and S0 galaxies chosen from the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog (RSA). The sample is a representative sample of spiral galaxies and includes Seyfert galaxies, LINERs, interacting galaxies, and peculiar galaxies

# 2003. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. DUST TEMPERATURES IN THE INFRARED SPACE OBSERVATORY ATLAS OF

We examine far-infrared and submillimeter spectral energy distributions for galaxies in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies. For the 71 galaxies where we had complete 60–180 lm data, we fitted blackbodies with 1 emissivities and average temperatures of 31 K or 2 emissivities and average temperatures of 22 K. Except for high temperatures determined in some early-type galaxies, the temperatures show no dependence on any galaxy characteristic. For the 60–850 lm range in eight galaxies, we fitted blackbodies with 1, 2, and (with variable) emissivities to the data. The best results were with the emissivities, where the temperatures were 30 K and the emissivity coefficient ranged from 0.9 to 1.9. These results produced gas-to-dust ratios that ranged from 150 to 580, which were consistent with the ratio for the Milky Way and which exhibited relatively little dispersion compared with fits with fixed emissivities