Design, modeling, and analysis of multi-channel demultiplexer/demodulator

Traditionally, satellites have performed the function of a simple repeater. Newer data distribution satellite architectures, however, require demodulation of many frequency division multiplexed uplink channels by a single demultiplexer/demodulator unit, baseband processing and routing of individual voice/data circuits, and remodulation into time division multiplexed (TDM) downlink carriers. The TRW MCDD (Multichannel Demultiplexer/Multirate Demodulator) operates on a 37.4 MHz composite input signal. Individual channel data rates are either 64 Kbps or 2.048 Mbps. The wideband demultiplexer divides the input signal into 1.44 MHz segments containing either a single 2.048 Mbps channel or thirty two 64 Kbps channels. In the latter case, the narrowband demultiplexer further divides the single 1.44 MHz wideband channel into thirty two 45 KHz narrowband channels. With this approach the time domain Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) channelizer processing capacity is matched well to the bandwidth and number of channels to be demultiplexed. By using a multirate demodulator fewer demodulators are required while achieving greater flexibility. Each demodulator can process a wideband channel or thirty two narrowband channels. Either all wideband channels, a mixture of wideband and narrowband channels, or all narrowband channels can be demodulated. The multirate demodulator approach also has lower nonrecurring costs since only one design and development effort is needed. TRW has developed a proof of concept (POC) model which fully demonstrates the signal processing fuctions of MCDD. It is capable of processing either three 2.048 Mbps channels or two 2.048 Mbps channels and thirty two 64 Kbps channels. An overview of important MCDD system engineering issues is presented as well as discussion on some of the Block Oriented System Simulation analyses performed for design verification and selection of operational parameters of the POC model. Systems engineering analysis of the POC model confirmed that the MCDD concepts are not only achievable but also balance the joint goals of minimizing on-board complexity and cost of ground equipment, while retaining the flexibility needed to meet a wide range of system requirements

Structure of logarithmically divergent one-loop lattice Feynman integrals

For logarithmically divergent one-loop lattice Feynman integrals I(p,a), subject to mild general conditions, we prove the following expected and crucial structural result: I(p,a) = f(p)log(aM)+g(p)+h(p,M) up to terms which vanish for lattice spacing a -> 0. Here p denotes collectively the external momenta and M is a mass scale which may be chosen arbitrarily. The f(p) and h(p,M) are shown to be universal and coincide with analogous quantities in the corresponding continuum integral when the latter is regularized either by momentum cut-off or dimensional regularization. The non-universal term g(p) is shown to be a homogeneous polynomial in p of the same degree as f(p). This structure is essential for consistency between renormalized lattice and continuum formulations of QCD at one loop.Comment: 26 pages (after reformatting using revtex); typos corrected; to appear in Phys.Rev.

Conformality Lost

We consider zero-temperature transitions from conformal to non-conformal phases in quantum theories. We argue that there are three generic mechanisms for the loss of conformality in any number of dimensions: (i) fixed point goes to zero coupling, (ii) fixed point runs off to infinite coupling, or (iii) an IR fixed point annihilates with a UV fixed point and they both disappear into the complex plane. We give both relativistic and non-relativistic examples of the last case in various dimensions and show that the critical behavior of the mass gap behaves similarly to the correlation length in the finite temperature Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition in two dimensions, xi ~ exp(c/|T-T_c|^{1/2}). We speculate that the chiral phase transition in QCD at large number of fermion flavors belongs to this universality class, and attempt to identify the UV fixed point that annihilates with the Banks-Zaks fixed point at the lower end of the conformal window.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures; v2: typos fixed, references adde

Search for missing baryon resonances via associated strangeness photoproduction

Differential cross-section and single polarization observables in the process gamma p --> K^+ Lambda are investigated within a constituent quark model and a dynamical coupled-channel formalism. The effects of two new nucleon resonances and of the K*(892)- and K1(1270)-exchanges are briefly presented.Comment: Contributed paper to the IVth International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics, Madrid June 5-10, 200

The Strange Story of the Second Amendment in the Federal Courts, and Why It Matters

This article describes the shift in judicial interpretation of the Second Amendment. The article undertakes a statistical analysis of each of the 261 federal court decisions interpreting the Second Amendment in the decades following the Supreme Court’s first interpretation of it in 1872 and its most recent interpretations in 2008 and 2010. Until 2008, the judicial consensus was that the Second Amendment operates only to prevent the federal government from restricting firearms possession. The article traces the ascendance in recent decades of the view that the amendment actually protects an individual right against infringement by either the state or federal government. The article then assesses various arguments about the practical importance of this shift, and considers potential avenues for proponents of stronger gun control to counteract this recent shift

Giant Colloidal Diffusivity on Corrugated Optical Vortices

A single colloidal sphere circulating around a periodically modulated optical vortex trap can enter a dynamical state in which it intermittently alternates between freely running around the ring-like optical vortex and becoming trapped in local potential energy minima. Velocity fluctuations in this randomly switching state still are characterized by a linear Einstein-like diffusion law, but with an effective diffusion coefficient that is enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Molecular abundances and low-mass star formation. I: Si- and S-bearing species toward IRAS 16293-2422

Results from millimeter and submillimeter spectral line surveys of the protobinary source IRAS 16293-2422 are presented. Here we outline the abundances of silicon- and sulfur-containing species. A combination of rotation diagram and full statistical equilibrium/radiative transfer calculations is used to constrain the physical conditions toward IRAS 16293 and to construct its beam-averaged chemical composition over a 10-20" (1600-3200 AU) scale. The chemical complexity as judged by species such as SiO, OCS, and H_2S, is mtermedtate between that of dark molecular clouds such as Ll34N and hot molecular cloud cores such as Orion KL. From the richness of the spectra compared to other young stellar objects of similar luminosity, it is clear that molecular abundances do not scale simply with mass; rather, the chemistry is a strong function of evolutionary state, i.e., age

Taste symmetry breaking with HYP-smeared staggered fermions

We study the impact of hypercubic (HYP) smearing on the size of taste breaking for staggered fermions, comparing to unimproved and to asqtad-improved staggered fermions. As in previous studies, we find a substantial reduction in taste-breaking compared to unimproved staggered fermions (by a factor of 4-7 on lattices with spacing $a\approx 0.1$fm). In addition, we observe that discretization effects of next-to-leading order in the chiral expansion (${\cal O}(a^2 p^2)$) are markedly reduced by HYP smearing. Compared to asqtad valence fermions, we find that taste-breaking in the pion spectrum is reduced by a factor of 2.5-3, down to a level comparable to the expected size of generic ${\cal O}(a^2)$ effects. Our results suggest that, once one reaches a lattice spacing of $a\approx 0.09$fm, taste-breaking will be small enough after HYP smearing that one can use a modified power counting in which ${\cal O}(a^2) \ll {\cal O}(p^2)$, simplify fitting to phenomenologically interesting quantities.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures, references updated, minor change

Kalman Filter Equalization For QPSK Communications

The discrete complex Kalman filter is considered as an equalizer for quadrature phase-shift keyed (QPSK) systems in the presence of additive noise and InterSymbol interference (ISI). When the channel is unknown, an adaptive Kalman equalizer is used in which the channel complex tap gains are estimated by decision feedback. Copyright © 1976 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc