Robert E. Lee and Slavery

Robert E. Lee was the most successful Confederate military leader during the American Civil War (1861–1865). This also made him, by virtue of the Confederacy\u27s defense of chattel slavery, the most successful defender of the enslavement of African Americans. Yet his own personal record on both slavery and race is mottled with contradictions and ambivalence, all which were in plain view during his long career. Born into two of Virginia\u27s most prominent families, Lee spent his early years surrounded by enslaved African Americans, although that changed once he joined the Army. His wife, Mary Randolph Custis Lee, freed her own personal slaves, but her father, George Washington Parke Custis, still owned many people, and when he died, Robert E. Lee, as executor of his estate, was responsible for manumitting them within five years. He was widely criticized for taking the full five years. Lee and his wife supported the American Colonization Society before the war but resisted the abolitionist movement. Lee later insisted that his decision to support the Confederacy was not founded on a defense of slavery. During both the Maryland (1862) and Gettysburg (1863) campaigns, Lee\u27s officers kidnapped free blacks and sold them into slavery. By 1865, Lee supported the enlistment of African Americans into the Confederate army, but he surrendered before a plan could be implemented. After the war, he generally opposed racial and political equality for African Americans.[excerpt

Should we Banish Robert E. Lee & his Confederate Friends? Let\u27s Talk.

After 152 years, Robert E. Lee is back in the headlines. But not in any way he could have imagined. The “Unite the Right” forces descended on Charlottesville, Va., to protest calls for the removal of an equestrian statue of Lee that has been sitting in a city park since 1924. The larger question, however, was about whether the famous Confederate general was also a symbol of white supremacy. The same issues were in play in May when a statue of Lee was removed from Lee Circle in New Orleans. There are also more than two dozen streets and schools named for Lee that have become debating points about symbols of white nationalism. One Army installation in Petersburg, Va., bears Lee’s name; another, Fort Hamilton in New York City, names a driveway for him. (excerpt

[Review of] Rachel C. Lee. The Americas of Asian American Literature: Gendered Fictions of Nation and Transnation

Rachel C. Lee acknowledges that understanding Asian American experiences merits the study of transglobal migrations of persons and capital. Rather than criticize this scholarly trend in Asian American studies (and, I would add, in ethnic studies more broadly), Lee integrates into them a greater attention to gender. Like much of historical and social scholarship, works on the Asian American diaspora tend to neglect gender. By examining how gender figures into the various ways in which four Asian American writers imagine America, Lee reminds us that gender, like race, always matters

Ghost Busting: PT-Symmetric Interpretation of the Lee Model

The Lee model was introduced in the 1950s as an elementary quantum field theory in which mass, wave function, and charge renormalization could be carried out exactly. In early studies of this model it was found that there is a critical value of g^2, the square of the renormalized coupling constant, above which g_0^2, the square of the unrenormalized coupling constant, is negative. Thus, for g^2 larger than this critical value, the Hamiltonian of the Lee model becomes non-Hermitian. It was also discovered that in this non-Hermitian regime a new state appears whose norm is negative. This state is called a ghost state. It has always been assumed that in this ghost regime the Lee model is an unacceptable quantum theory because unitarity appears to be violated. However, in this regime while the Hamiltonian is not Hermitian, it does possess PT symmetry. It has recently been discovered that a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian having PT symmetry may define a quantum theory that is unitary. The proof of unitarity requires the construction of a new time-independent operator called C. In terms of C one can define a new inner product with respect to which the norms of the states in the Hilbert space are positive. Furthermore, it has been shown that time evolution in such a theory is unitary. In this paper the C operator for the Lee model in the ghost regime is constructed exactly in the V/N-theta sector. It is then shown that the ghost state has a positive norm and that the Lee model is an acceptable unitary quantum field theory for all values of g^2.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figure

Lee, Phyllis C

Phyllis C. Lee is Professor of Psychology at Stirling University, Scotland. She has conducted fieldwork on baboons, vervet monkeys, and elephants since 1975. Her research interests focus on physical growth; cognitive and social development; behavioral ecology and reproductive strategies; life history evolution; and biodiversity conservation

PANEL DISCUSSION: THE EXPANDING PROSECUTORIAL ROLE FROM TRIAL COUNSEL TO INVESTIGATOR AND ADMINISTRATOR

MODERATOR: Daniel C. Richman PANELISTS: Laurie L. Levenson, GerardE. Lynch, Honorable John S. Martin, Jr., Julie R. O\u27Sullivan, Mary Lee Warren, Mary Jo Whit

Review Essay of “Men and the War on Obesity: A Sociological Study”

A review is presented of the book Men & the War on Obesity: A Sociological Study, by Lee F. Monaghan

Pregnancy is associated with elevation of liver enzymes in HIV-positive women on antiretroviral therapy.

The objective of this study is to assess whether pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of liver enzyme elevation (LEE) and severe LEE in HIV-positive women on antiretroviral therapy (ART)

The Karoubi envelope and Lee's degeneration of Khovanov homology

We give a simple proof of Lee's result from [Adv. Math. 179 (2005) 554-586; arXiv:math.GT/0210213], that the dimension of the Lee variant of the Khovanov homology of a c-component link is 2^c, regardless of the number of crossings. Our method of proof is entirely local and hence we can state a Lee-type theorem for tangles as well as for knots and links. Our main tool is the "Karoubi envelope of the cobordism category", a certain enlargement of the cobordism category which is mild enough so that no information is lost yet strong enough to allow for some simplifications that are otherwise unavailable.Comment: This is the version published by Algebraic & Geometric Topology on 4 October 200