A longitudinal pilot study on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics in a mouse model of preeclampsia superimposed on hypertension : looking at mothers and their offspring

Preeclampsia is a common hypertensive disorder in pregnant women and whose causes and consequences have focused primarily on cardiovascular outcomes on the mother and offspring, often without taking into consideration the possible effects on the brain. One possible cause of preeclampsia has been attributed to alterations in the renin-angiotensin system, which has also been linked to cognitive decline. In this pilot study, we use a transgenic mouse model that chronically overexpresses human angiotensinogen and renin (R+A + mice) that displayed characteristics of preeclampsia such as proteinuria during gestation. Offspring of these mothers as well as from control mothers were also examined. We were primarily interested in detecting whether cognitive deficits were present in the mothers and offspring in the long term and used a spatial learning and memory task as well as an object recognition task at three timepoints: 3, 8, and 12 months post-partum or post-natal, while measuring blood pressure and performing urine analysis after each timepoint. While we did not find significant deficits in preeclamptic mothers at the later timepoints, we did observe negative consequences in the pups of R+A + mice that coincided with hemodynamic alterations whereby pups had higher whisker-evoked oxygenated hemoglobin levels and increased cerebral blood flow responses compared to control pups. Our study provides validation of this preeclampsia mouse model for future studies to decipher the underlying mechanisms of long-term cognitive deficits found in offspring

COX-2-Derived Prostaglandin E2 Produced by Pyramidal Neurons Contributes to Neurovascular Coupling in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

International audienceVasodilatory prostaglandins play a key role in neurovascular coupling (NVC), the tight link between neuronal activity and local cerebral blood flow, but their precise identity, cellular origin and the receptors involved remain unclear. Here we show in rats that NMDA-induced vasodilation and hemodynamic responses evoked by whisker stimulation involve cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and activation of the prostaglandin E2 (PgE(2)) receptors EP2 and EP4. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that PgE(2) is released by NMDA in cortical slices. The characterization of PgE2 producing cells by immunohistochemistry and single-cell reverse transcriptase-PCR revealed that pyramidal cells and not astrocytes are the main cell type equipped for PgE2 synthesis, one third expressing COX-2 systematically associated with a PgE2 synthase. Consistent with their central role in NVC, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of pyramidal cells evoked COX-2-dependent hyperemic responses in mice. These observations identify PgE2 as the main prostaglandin mediating sensory-evoked NVC, pyramidal cells as their principal source and vasodilatory EP2 and EP4 receptors as their targets

Etude de la vulnérabilité à différents types de lésions cérébrales chez le rat spontanément hypertendu (implication de mécanismes non vasculaires)

CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Editorial: Involvement of Blood Brain Barrier Efficacy, Neurovascular Coupling, and Angiogenesis in the Healthy and Diseased Brain, Volume II

International audienc

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces cerebrovascular dysfunction and astrogliosis through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated signaling pathways.

Transgenic mice constitutively overexpressing the cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (TGF mice) display cerebrovascular alterations as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), but no or only subtle cognitive deficits. TGF-β1 may exert part of its deleterious effects through interactions with angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling pathways. We test such interactions in the brain and cerebral vessels of TGF mice by measuring cerebrovascular reactivity, levels of protein markers of vascular fibrosis, nitric oxide synthase activity, astrogliosis and mnemonic performance in mice treated (6 months) with the AT1R blocker, losartan (10 mg/kg/day), or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (ACEi,3 mg/kg/day). Both treatments restored the severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity to acetylcholine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin-1 and the baseline availability of nitric oxide in aged TGF mice. Losartan, but not enalapril, significantly reduced astrogliosis and cerebrovascular levels of pro-fibrotic protein connective tissue growth factor while raising levels of anti-fibrotic enzyme matrix metallopeptidase-9. Memory was unaffected by ageing and treatments. The results suggest a pivotal role for AngII in TGF-β1-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation through AT1R-mediated mechanisms. Further, they suggest that AngII blockers could be appropriate against vasculopathies and astrogliosis associated with AD and VCID.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Effects of urotensin-II on cerebral blood flow and ischemia in anesthetized rats

International audienceUrotensin-II (U-II) is a cyclic peptide identified recently in many mammalian species including man. U-II and its receptor are expressed in the central nervous system, in the cardiovascular system and in other peripheral tissues. Although this peptide has been reported initially to be a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing evidence shows that its vascular actions strongly depend on species and vascular beds. Here we analyzed the effects of U-II administration on cerebral blood flow (CBF) under physiological conditions and following cerebral ischemia in rats. Although intravenous injection of U-II had minimal effects on CBF as measured by the technique of laser Doppler flowmetry, its administration (10 nmol) into the lateral cerebral ventricle induced gradual and long lasting increase in CBF (+61% at 1 h post-injection, p<0.05). These U-II-mediated CBF increases were not related to the transient systemic pressor actions of the peptide and were reduced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition (61 vs 17%, p<0.05). Intracerebroventricular administration of U-II following the induction of cerebral ischemia, failed to alter residual CBF in the affected cerebral hemisphere. Nonetheless, following reperfusion (90 min after ischemia), U-II-treated animals displayed a remarkable hyperperfusion compared to vehicle-treated rats (+168%, p<0.05). The volume of infarction was significantly increased in U-II-treated rats (+40%, p<0.05). These results provide the first evidence that U-II increases cerebral blood flow when administered into the cerebral ventricle and exacerbates brain damage following an ischemic insult

A functional cerebral endothelium is necessary to protect against cognitive decline

A vascular insult occurring early in disease onset may initiate cognitive decline leading to dementia, while pharmacological and lifestyle interventions can prevent this progression. Mice with a selective, tamoxifen-inducible deletion of NF-κB essential modulator (Nemo) in brain endothelial cells were studied as a model of vascular cognitive impairment. Groups included Nemo(Fl) controls and three Nemo(beKO) groups: One untreated, and two treated with simvastatin or exercise. Social preference and nesting were impaired in Nemo(beKO) mice and were not countered by treatments. Cerebrovascular function was compromised in Nemo(beKO) groups regardless of treatment, with decreased changes in sensory-evoked cerebral blood flow and total hemoglobin levels, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Nemo(beKO) mice had increased string vessel pathology, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and reduced cortical somatostatin-containing interneurons. These alterations were reversed when endothelial function was recovered. Findings strongly suggest that damage to the cerebral endothelium can trigger pathologies associated with dementia and its functional integrity should be an effective target in future therapeutic efforts