Risque de prédation, hétérogénéité de l'habitat et fidélité au site de reproduction : le cas de la Grande Oie des neiges dans le Haut-Arctique

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner les liens entre la dynamique prédateurs-proies, les stratégies de reproduction et la structure spatiale des colonies chez la Grande Oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens atlantica) nichant dans le Haut Arctique canadien. Nous avons récolté les données de 2002 à 2005 et exploité certaines bases de données recueillies antérieurement sur l’Île Bylot (Nunavut, Canada). Nous avons identifié des mécanismes pouvant expliquer des différences dans le succès de nidification entre deux types de milieux. Nous avons d’abord montré que les habitats humides peuvent fournir des refuges contre la prédation car leur structure réduirait le succès de chasse de renards arctiques (Alopex lagopus; le principal prédateur des oies) en limitant leur vitesse d’attaque des nids. De plus, la qualité de tels refuges varierait en fonction du cycle de lemmings, la principale proie de ce prédateur. La disponibilité en eau serait également un déterminant majeur du succès de nidification. Les femelles augmentent leur risque de prédation lorsqu’elles quittent leur nid pour boire, un élément critique en milieu mésique où l’accès à l’eau est limité. En manipulant expérimentalement la disponibilité en eau, nous avons observé une augmentation du succès de nidification de plus de 20% par rapport à des nids témoins. De plus, nous montrons une relation positive entre l’abondance des pluies et le succès, la présence de mares d’eaux formées par la pluie à proximité des nids réduisant le risque de prédation sur les nids. Nous avons également trouvé que les oies montrent une fidélité modérée au site spécifique de nidification, probablement en réponse aux variations dans les patrons d’enneigement au printemps et le faible coût de changement de site sur le succès de nidification. Par contre, les oies seraient fidèles à l’échelle des habitats, les milieux humides étant favorisés pour leurs avantages en termes de risques de prédation. Enfin, nous avons détecté une structure génétique à une échelle spatiale fine (quelques kilomètres) entre les sites d’élevage des jeunes mais pas de structure sur la base des sites de nidification à l’intérieur de la colonie. Tout en soulignant l’importance de travailler à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, notre travail démontre comment des mécanismes prédateurs-proies subtils peuvent influencer la stratégie de reproduction des oiseaux.The main objective of this thesis is to examine factors linking predator-prey relationships, breeding strategies and spatial structure inside colonies of greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica). We collected data from 2002 to 2005 and used some data collected in previous years at Bylot Island (Nunavut, Canada). We first explored how predation, the main determinant of nesting success, was affected by habitat heterogeneity. We showed that wetlands could provide refuges for geese because polygon-patterned grounds decrease travel speed and success of their main predator, the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). The quality of these refuges varied according to the lemming cycle (the main prey of foxes) with foxes feeding on goose eggs during years of low lemming abundance. Our study also demonstrated that water availability is a major determinant of goose nesting success. First, geese nesting in mesic tundra experienced higher predation risks than those nesting in wetlands due to limited availability of water. Second, by experimentally manipulating water availability, we recorded a 20% increase of nesting success relatively to control nests. Third, we showed a positive relationship between rainfall abundance and nesting success. Nests were less exposed to predators because females were able to reach nearby water holes resulting from recent rainfall accumulation. We found a low fidelity to a specific nesting site, which could result from variable patterns of spring snow-melt and the limited consequences of changing sites. Nonetheless, geese showed fidelity towards habitat type yet geese nest preferentially in wetlands where they experienced lower predation risks. Finally, we explored how dispersal strategies could determine patterns of population genetic structure. We detected a fine-scale genetic structure (few km) among rearing sites but not among nesting sites inside the colony. To conclude, this thesis provides a framework to understand population dynamic and distribution by using multiple-scale analyses of mechanisms driving predator-prey relationships

Sharing with Caution: Managing Parking Spaces in Vehicular Networks

By exchanging events in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), drivers can receive interesting information while driving. For example, they can be informed of available parking spaces in their vicinity. A suitable protocol is needed to disseminate the events efficiently within the area where they are relevant. Moreover, in such a competitive context where each vehicle may be interested in a resource, it is crucial not to communicate that resource to each driver in the vicinity. Otherwise, those drivers would waste time trying to reach a parking space and only one of them would be fulfilled, which would lead to a poor satisfaction in the system. To solve this problem, we detail in this paper a reservation protocol that efficiently allocates parking spaces in vehicular ad hoc networks and avoids the competition among the vehicles. We have integrated our protocol within VESPA, a system that we have designed for vehicles to share information in VANETs. An experimental evaluation is provided, which proves the usefulness and benefits of our reservation protocol in both parking lots and urban scenarios. Besides, we present an in-depth study of the state of the art on this topic, that shows the interest and the originality of our approach

Study of transformations and microstructural modification in Ti-LCB and T-555 alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

peer reviewedThe aerospace industry is the single largest market for titanium products primarily due to the exceptional strength to weight ratio, elevated temperature performance and corrosion resistance. Titanium applications are most significant in jet engine and airframe components that are subject to high temperatures. The studied Ti-LCB and Ti-555 titanium alloys must present good properties to fatigue damage as they are located in a low-pressure compressor. In order to avoid this damage, an optimized alloy microstructure is required. In our case, the optimal microstructure would be a beta matrix in which small alpha particles are uniformly distributed, obtained after a combination of thermomechanical and thermal treatments. The understanding of the mechanisms ruling the microstructure evolution is achieved through the study of phase transformations versus temperature. During heating, the ωath phase is transformed into the ωiso phase, allowing itself the appearance of the α phase. Then this α phase is transformed progressively into the β phase, and the structure becomes totally β when the transus temperature is reached. Therefore, a thermal analysis tool such as DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) was used in order to characterise the phase transformations of the material during imposed controlled temperature programs

Forest productivity decline caused by successional paludification of boreal soils

Long-term forest productivity decline in boreal forests has been extensively studied in the last decades, yet its causes are still unclear. Soil conditions associated with soil organic matter accumulation are thought to be responsible for site productivity decline. The objectives of this study were to determine if paludification of boreal soils resulted in reduced forest productivity, and to identify changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils associated with reduction in productivity. We used a chronosequence of 23 black spruce stands ranging in postfire age from 50 to 2350 years and calculated three different stand productivity indices, including site index. We assessed changes in forest productivity with time using two complementary approaches: (1) by comparing productivity among the chronosequence stands and (2) by comparing the productivity of successive cohorts of trees within the same stands to determine the influence of time independently of other site factors. Charcoal stratigraphy indicates that the forest stands differ in their fire history and originated either from high- or low-severity soil burns. Both chronosequence and cohort approaches demonstrate declines in black spruce productivity of 50-80% with increased paludification, particularly during the first centuries after fire. Paludification alters bryophyte abundance and succession, increases soil moisture, reduces soil temperature and nutrient availability, and alters the vertical distribution of roots. Low-severity soil burns significantly accelerate rates of paludification and productivity decline compared with high-severity fires and ultimately reduce nutrient content in black spruce needles. The two combined approaches indicate that paludification can be driven by forest succession only, independently of site factors such as position on slope. This successional paludification contrasts with edaphic paludification, where topography and drainage primarily control the extent and rate of paludification. At the landscape scale, the fire regime (frequency and severity) controls paludification and forest productivity through its effect on soil organic layers. Implications for global carbon budgets and sustainable forestry are discussed

Electrostatic complementarity in an aldose reductase complex from ultra-high-resolution crystallography and first-principles calculations

The electron density and electrostatic potential in an aldose reductase holoenzyme complex have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and diffraction methods. Aldose reductase is involved in the reduction of glucose in the polyol pathway by using NADPH as a cofactor. The ultra-high resolution of the diffraction data and the low thermal-displacement parameters of the structure allow accurate atomic positions and an experimental charge density analysis. Based on the x-ray structural data, order-N DFT calculations have been performed on subsets of up to 711 atoms in the active site of the molecule. The charge density refinement of the protein was performed with the program MOPRO by using the transferability principle and our database of charge density parameters built from crystallographic analyses of peptides and amino acids. Electrostatic potentials calculated from the charge density database, the preliminary experimental electron density analysis, DFT computations, and atomic charges taken from the AMBER software dictionary are compared. The electrostatic complementarity between the cofactor NADP+ and the active site shows up clearly. The anchoring of the inhibitor is due mainly to hydrophobic forces and to only two polar interaction sites within the enzyme cavity. The potentials calculated by x-ray and DFT techniques agree reasonably well. At the present stage of the refinement, the potentials obtained directly from the database are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. In addition, these results demonstrate the significant contribution of electron lone pairs and of atomic polarization effects to the host and guest mechanism.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas BiológicosFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

Electrostatic complementarity in an aldose reductase complex from ultra-high-resolution crystallography and first-principles calculations

The electron density and electrostatic potential in an aldose reductase holoenzyme complex have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and diffraction methods. Aldose reductase is involved in the reduction of glucose in the polyol pathway by using NADPH as a cofactor. The ultra-high resolution of the diffraction data and the low thermal-displacement parameters of the structure allow accurate atomic positions and an experimental charge density analysis. Based on the x-ray structural data, order-N DFT calculations have been performed on subsets of up to 711 atoms in the active site of the molecule. The charge density refinement of the protein was performed with the program MOPRO by using the transferability principle and our database of charge density parameters built from crystallographic analyses of peptides and amino acids. Electrostatic potentials calculated from the charge density database, the preliminary experimental electron density analysis, DFT computations, and atomic charges taken from the AMBER software dictionary are compared. The electrostatic complementarity between the cofactor NADP+ and the active site shows up clearly. The anchoring of the inhibitor is due mainly to hydrophobic forces and to only two polar interaction sites within the enzyme cavity. The potentials calculated by x-ray and DFT techniques agree reasonably well. At the present stage of the refinement, the potentials obtained directly from the database are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. In addition, these results demonstrate the significant contribution of electron lone pairs and of atomic polarization effects to the host and guest mechanism.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas BiológicosFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

Parasites of an Arctic scavenger; the wolverine (Gulo gulo)

Parasites are fundamental components within all ecosystems, shaping interaction webs, host population dynamics and behaviour. Despite this, baseline data is lacking to understand the parasite ecology of many Arctic species, including the wolverine (Gulo gulo), a top Arctic predator and scavenger. Here, we combined traditional count methods (i.e. adult helminth recovery, where taxonomy was confirmed by molecular identification) with 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to document the wolverine parasite community. Further, we investigated whether the abundance of parasites detected using traditional methods were associated with host metadata, latitude, and longitude (ranging from the northern limit of the boreal forest to the low Arctic and Arctic tundra in Nunavut, Canada). Adult parasites in intestinal contents were identified as Baylisascaris devosi in 72% (n = 39) of wolverines and Taenia spp. in 22% (n = 12), of which specimens from 2 wolverines were identified as T. twitchelli based on COX1 sequence. 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing on DNA extracted from faeces detected additional parasites, including a pseudophyllid cestode (Diplogonoporus spp. or Diphyllobothrium spp.), two metastrongyloid lungworms (Angiostrongylus spp. or Aelurostrongylus spp., and Crenosoma spp.), an ascarid nematode (Ascaris spp. or Toxocara spp.), a Trichinella spp. nematode, and the protozoan Sarcocystis spp., though each at a prevalence less than 13% (n = 7). The abundance of B. devosi significantly decreased with latitude (slope = -0.68; R2 = 0.17; P = 0.004), suggesting a northerly limit in distribution. We describe B. devosi and T. twitchelli in Canadian wolverines for the first time since 1978, and extend the recorded geographic distribution of these parasites ca 2000 km to the East and into the tundra ecosystem. Our findings illustrate the value of molecular methods in support of traditional methods, encouraging additional work to improve the advancement of molecular screening for parasites