Etude de l'influence de la topographie du microenvironnement sur la migration des interneurones corticaux par l'utilisation de substrats microstructurés

In the developing brain, cortical interneurons undergo a long distance migration to reach the cortex where they integrate into cortical networks and regulate their activity in the adult. Different chemical factors have been involved in the guidance of these cells, but the influence of the physical parameters of the environment in which they navigate remains unclear. It has been shown that topographical cues are able to influence and guide the migration of several cell types, a process called contact guidance. This work therefore aimed at testing and understanding the influence of the topography of the environment in the migration of cortical interneurons. By using an experimental system of microstructured substrates, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of contact guidance for these cells. By testing two types of micron-sized pillars, we showed that a change in the shape of the structures could greatly impact cell orientation, morphology, cytoskeleton organization and dynamic behavior. In particular, most interneurons migrating in between square pillars adopt an elongated, unbranched morphology associated with a slow and directed movement, whereas the majority of cells among round pillars exhibit a short and branched morphology associated with a dynamic but wandering movement. Overall, we show that micron-sized topography provides global spatial constraints promoting the establishment of different morphological and migratory states in vitro, highlighting the potential importance of these types of cues in vivo.Dans le cerveau en développement, les interneurones corticaux effectuent une longue migration avant de se positionner dans le cortex et s’intégrer dans les réseaux corticaux dont ils régulent l’activité. Différents facteurs chimiques ont été impliqués dans le guidage de ces cellules, mais l’influence des propriétés physiques de l’environnement dans lequel ils naviguent reste peu connue. Il a été montré que les indices topographiques peuvent guider le mouvement de nombreux types cellulaires, un processus appelé guidage par contact. Mes travaux de thèse ont ainsi cherché à tester et comprendre l’influence de la topographie de l’environnement sur la migration des interneurones corticaux. En utilisant un système expérimental de substrats microstructurés, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois l’existence du guidage par contact pour ces cellules. En testant deux types de micro-plots, nous avons établi qu’un changement de forme des structures influence de manière importante l’orientation, la morphologie, l’organisation du cytosquelette et le comportement dynamique des cellules. En particulier, les interneurones en migration entre des plots carrés adoptent majoritairement une morphologie allongée et peu branchée, associée à un mouvement lent et dirigé. A l’inverse, des cellules entre des plots ronds sont plus courtes et montrent un branchement important associé à un mouvement dynamique mais aléatoire. Plus généralement, nous montrons in vitro que la topographie génère des contraintes spatiales globales qui promeuvent la mise en place de différents états cellulaires morphologiques et dynamiques, soulignant ainsi la potentielle importance de ce type d’indices in vivo

Study of the influence of the topography of the microenvironment on cortical interneuron migration using microstructured substrates

Dans le cerveau en développement, les interneurones corticaux effectuent une longue migration avant de se positionner dans le cortex et s’intégrer dans les réseaux corticaux dont ils régulent l’activité. Différents facteurs chimiques ont été impliqués dans le guidage de ces cellules, mais l’influence des propriétés physiques de l’environnement dans lequel ils naviguent reste peu connue. Il a été montré que les indices topographiques peuvent guider le mouvement de nombreux types cellulaires, un processus appelé guidage par contact. Mes travaux de thèse ont ainsi cherché à tester et comprendre l’influence de la topographie de l’environnement sur la migration des interneurones corticaux. En utilisant un système expérimental de substrats microstructurés, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois l’existence du guidage par contact pour ces cellules. En testant deux types de micro-plots, nous avons établi qu’un changement de forme des structures influence de manière importante l’orientation, la morphologie, l’organisation du cytosquelette et le comportement dynamique des cellules. En particulier, les interneurones en migration entre des plots carrés adoptent majoritairement une morphologie allongée et peu branchée, associée à un mouvement lent et dirigé. A l’inverse, des cellules entre des plots ronds sont plus courtes et montrent un branchement important associé à un mouvement dynamique mais aléatoire. Plus généralement, nous montrons in vitro que la topographie génère des contraintes spatiales globales qui promeuvent la mise en place de différents états cellulaires morphologiques et dynamiques, soulignant ainsi la potentielle importance de ce type d’indices in vivo.In the developing brain, cortical interneurons undergo a long distance migration to reach the cortex where they integrate into cortical networks and regulate their activity in the adult. Different chemical factors have been involved in the guidance of these cells, but the influence of the physical parameters of the environment in which they navigate remains unclear. It has been shown that topographical cues are able to influence and guide the migration of several cell types, a process called contact guidance. This work therefore aimed at testing and understanding the influence of the topography of the environment in the migration of cortical interneurons. By using an experimental system of microstructured substrates, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of contact guidance for these cells. By testing two types of micron-sized pillars, we showed that a change in the shape of the structures could greatly impact cell orientation, morphology, cytoskeleton organization and dynamic behavior. In particular, most interneurons migrating in between square pillars adopt an elongated, unbranched morphology associated with a slow and directed movement, whereas the majority of cells among round pillars exhibit a short and branched morphology associated with a dynamic but wandering movement. Overall, we show that micron-sized topography provides global spatial constraints promoting the establishment of different morphological and migratory states in vitro, highlighting the potential importance of these types of cues in vivo

Is there a universal mechanism of cell alignment in response to substrate topography?

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Cellular and Subcellular Contact Guidance on Microfabricated Substrates

International audienceTopography of the extracellular environment is now recognized as a major biophysical regulator of cell behavior and function. The study of the influence of patterned substrates on cells, named contact guidance, has greatly benefited from the development of micro and nano-fabrication techniques, allowing the emergence of increasingly diverse and elaborate engineered platforms. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive view of the process of contact guidance from cellular to subcellular scales. We first classify and illustrate the large diversity of topographies reported in the literature by focusing on generic cellular responses to diverse topographical cues. Subsequently, and in a complementary fashion, we adopt the opposite approach and highlight cell type-specific responses to classically used topographies (arrays of pillars or grooves). Finally, we discuss recent advances on the key subcellular and molecular players involved in topographical sensing. Throughout the review, we focus particularly on neuronal cells, whose unique morphology and behavior have inspired a large body of studies in the field of topographical sensing and revealed fascinating cellular mechanisms. We conclude by using the current understanding of the cell-topography interactions at different scales as a springboard for identifying future challenges in the field of contact guidance

Integration of substrate- and flow-derived stresses in endothelial cell mechanobiology

International audienceEndothelial cells (ECs) lining all blood vessels are subjected to large mechanical stresses that regulate their structure and function in health and disease. Here, we review EC responses to substrate-derived biophysical cues, namely topography, curvature, and stiffness, as well as to flow-derived stresses, notably shear stress, pressure, and tensile stresses. Because these mechanical cues in vivo are coupled and are exerted simultaneously on ECs, we also review the effects of multiple cues and describe burgeoning in vitro approaches for elucidating how ECs integrate and interpret various mechanical stimuli. We conclude by highlighting key open questions and upcoming challenges in the field of EC mechanobiology

The basement membrane as a structured surface – role in vascular health and disease

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Topographical cues control the morphology and dynamics of migrating cortical interneurons

International audienceIn mammalian embryos, cortical interneurons travel long distances among complex three-dimensional tissues before integrating into cortical circuits. Several molecular guiding cues involved in this migration process have been identified, but the influence of physical parameters remains poorly understood. In the present study, we have investigated in vitro the influence of the topography of the microenvironment on the migration of primary cortical interneurons released from mouse embryonic explants.We found that arrays of PDMS micro-pillars of 10 μm size and spacing, either round or square, influenced both the morphology and the migratory behavior of interneurons. Strikingly, most interneurons exhibited a single and long leading process oriented along the diagonals of the square pillared array, whereas leading processes of interneurons migrating in-between round pillars were shorter, often branched and oriented in all available directions. Accordingly, dynamic studies revealed that growth cone divisions were twice more frequent in round than in square pillars. Both soma and leading process tips presented forward directed movements within square pillars, contrasting with the erratic trajectories and more dynamic movements observed among round pillars. In support of these observations, long interneurons migrating in square pillars displayed tight bundles of stable microtubules aligned in the direction of migration.Overall, our results show that micron-sized topography provides global spatial constraints promoting the establishment of different morphological and migratory states. Remarkably, these different states belong to the natural range of migratory behaviors of cortical interneurons, highlighting the potential importance of topographical cues in the guidance of these embryonic neurons, and more generally in brain development

Distinct Contact Guidance Mechanisms in Single Endothelial Cells and in Monolayers

Abstract In many tissues, cell shape and orientation are controlled by a combination of internal and external biophysical cues. Anisotropic substrate topography is a ubiquitous cue that leads to cellular elongation and alignment, a process termed contact guidance whose underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Additionally, whether contact guidance responses are similar in single cells and in cellular monolayers is unknown. Here, these questions in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that in vivo form a monolayer that lines blood vessels are addressed. Culturing single ECs on microgrooved substrates that constitute an idealized mimic of anisotropic basement membrane (BM) topography elicits a strong, groove depth‐dependent contact guidance response. This response is principally driven by persistence bias of cell protrusions in the direction of the grooves and is surprisingly insensitive to actin stress fiber disruption. Interestingly, the contact guidance response is greatly attenuated in confluent monolayers, and cell shape and alignment in that case are driven by the organization of the BM secreted by the cells, which leads to a loss of cellular interaction with the microgrooves. The present finding of distinct contact guidance mechanisms in single ECs and in EC monolayers promises to inform strategies aimed at designing topographically patterned endovascular devices

Topography-induced large-scale antiparallel collective migration in vascular endothelium

International audienceCollective migration of vascular endothelial cells is central for embryonic development, angiogenesis, and wound closure. Although physical confinement of cell assemblies has been shown to elicit specific patterns of collective movement in various cell types, endothelial migration in vivo often occurs without confinement. Here we show that unconfined endothelial cell monolayers on microgroove substrates that mimic the anisotropic organization of the extracellular matrix exhibit a specific type of collective movement that takes the form of a periodic pattern of antiparallel cell streams. We further establish that the development of these streams requires intact cell-cell junctions and that stream sizes are particularly sensitive to groove depth. Finally, we show that modeling the endothelial cell sheet as an active fluid with the microgrooves acting as constraints on cell orientation predicts the occurrence of the periodic antiparallel cell streams as well as their lengths and widths. We posit that in unconfined cell assemblies, physical factors that constrain or bias cellular orientation such as anisotropic extracellular matrix cues or directed flow-derived shear forces dictate the pattern of collective cell movement

Topography-induced large-scale anti-parallel collective migration in vascular endothelium

Abstract Collective migration of vascular endothelial cells is central for embryonic development, angiogenesis, and wound closure. Although physical confinement of cell assemblies has been shown to elicit specific patterns of collective movement in various cell types, endothelial migration in vivo often occurs without confinement. Here we show that unconfined endothelial cell monolayers on microgrooved substrates that mimic the anisotropic organization of the extracellular matrix exhibit a new type of collective movement that takes the form of a periodic pattern of anti-parallel cell streams. We further establish that the development of these streams requires intact cell-cell junctions and that stream sizes are particularly sensitive to groove depth. Finally, we show that modeling the endothelial cell sheet as an active fluid with the microgrooves acting as constraints on cell orientation predicts the occurrence of the periodic anti-parallel cell streams as well as their lengths and widths. We posit that in unconfined cell assemblies, physical factors that constrain or bias cellular orientation such as anisotropic extracellular matrix cues or directed flow-derived shear forces dictate the pattern of collective cell movement