Professional competences to promote healthy ageing across the lifespan: a scoping review

As societies age, the development of resources and strategies that foster healthy ageing from the beginning of life become increasingly important. Social and healthcare professionals are key agents in this process; therefore, their training needs to be in agreement with societal needs. We performed a scoping review on professional competences for social and health workers to adequately promote healthy ageing throughout life, using the framework described by Arksey and O’Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute Guidelines. A stakeholder consultation was held in each of the participating countries, in which 79 experts took part. Results show that current literature has been excessively focused on the older age and that more attention on how to work with younger population groups is needed. Likewise, not all disciplines have equally refected on their role before this challenge and interprofessional approaches, despite showing promise, have not been sufciently described. Based on our results, health and social professionals working to promote healthy ageing across the lifespan will need sound competences regarding person-centred communication, professional communication, technology applications, physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ageing, social and environmental aspects, cultural diversity, programs and policies, ethics, general and basic skills, context and self-management-related skills, health promotion and disease prevention skills, educational and research skills, leadership skills, technological skills and clinical reasoning. Further research should contribute to establishing which competences are more relevant to each discipline and at what level they should be taught, as well as how they can be best implemented to efectively transform health and social care systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evolution of the ability to select the best strategy during normal and pathological aging

L'objectif général de ce travail de thèse était d'étudier le phénomène de répétition stratégique et son évolution au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique ; mais aussi de mettre en évidence les mécanismes impliqués lors du choix d'une stratégie. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons conduit trois études, pour lesquelles nous avons adopté une approche expérimentale où nous avons utilisé des stratégies arithmétiques (i.e., méthodes utilisées par un individu pour résoudre une tâche cognitive donnée). Nous avons recueilli nos données auprès d'individus jeunes, âgés sains et patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer (i.e., MA). Les principaux résultats montraient que (a) les adultes âgés répétaient significativement plus que les adultes jeunes, et ce d'autant plus lorsque la stratégie était fortement active en mémoire de travail ; cependant, (b) ils réussissaient à changer de stratégie de manière comparable aux adultes jeunes lorsque les latences entre leurs réponses et les stimuli suivant augmentaient ; et (c) les patients atteints de la MA avaient plus de difficultés à sélectionner la meilleure stratégie que les adultes âgés, et ce d'autant plus lorsque le problème était difficile. Ce travail a donc permis de préciser les processus cognitifs impliqués lors de la sélection stratégique et de comprendre les effets du vieillissement normal et pathologique sur ceux-ci. Nous discutons également de l'implication possible de ces résultats quant aux modèles théoriques de la sélection stratégique.The main goals of this thesis were (a) to study the strategy repetition phenomenon and its evolution during normal and pathological aging and (b) to highlight mechanisms involved in the strategy selection. To achieve these purposes, we collected strategy selection data from young, healthy older adults, and patients with Alzheimer's disease (i.e., AD). Our main results showed that (a) older adults repeated strategies significantly more than young adults, and especially when this strategy was highly active in working memory, however, (b) they were able to change strategies in a comparable way to young adults when latencies between their response and the next stimulus increased, and (c) AD patients had more difficulties selecting the best strategy than healthy older adults, especially on the most difficult problems (i.e., heterogeneous problems). This work helped in clarifying cognitive processes involved in strategy selection and in understanding effects of normal and pathological aging. We also discuss the implications of these results for theoretical models of strategyselection