L’avocat a-t-il l’obligation de chiffrer ses courriels confidentiels en vertu de l’article 34 de la Loi concernant le cadre juridique des technologies de l’information ?

Travail présenté par Christine LeBrun, étudiante à la maîtrise en droit, le 16 décembre 2008, dans le cadre du Cours Droit du commerce électronique - DRT 6930 sous la supervision du professeur Vincent Gautrais

Functions of textbooks: a comparative analysis of the context in Quebec and Ontario

El artículo presenta los resultados de un análisis comparativo de la documentación oficial de Quebec y Ontario respecto a las funciones concedidas a los textos escolares. Por un lado, este análisis tiene por objeto identificar las distintas funciones asociadas a los textos escolares en cada una de estas dos provincias canadienses y, por otro, mostrar la influencia potencial de estas funciones en su utilización en el aula. Los resultados evidencian que la implementación de currículums que promueven una perspectiva constructivista, se realiza sin que las funciones de los textos escolares sean problematizadas de manera rigurosa. Los marcos evaluativos nos llevan a concluir que textos escolares representan a la vez resúmenes de los programas de estudio, herramientas de formación e información tanto para los docentes como para alumnos y vectores de valores socioculturales. Por consiguiente, la concepción de textos escolares se muestra poco congruente con las orientaciones educativas de tipo constructivista.O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma análise comparativa da documentação oficial de Quebec e Ontário com respeito às funções atribuídas aos textos escolares. Por um lado, esta análise tem por objeto identificar as diferentes funções associadas aos textos escolares em cada uma destas duas províncias canadenses e, por outro, mostrar a influência potencial destas funções em sua utilização na sala de aula. Os resultados evidenciam que a implementação de currículos que promovem uma perspectiva construtivista, realiza-se sem que as funções dos textos escolares sejam problematizadas de maneira rigorosa. Os marcos avaliativos nos levam a concluir que os textos escolares representam ao mesmo tempo resumos dos programas de estudo, ferramentas de formação e informação tanto para os docentes como para alunos e vetores de valores socioculturais. Portanto, a concepção de textos escolares se mostra pouco congruente com as orientações educativas de tipo construtivista.This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of official documents from Quebec and Ontario with regards to the functions of textbooks in science education. This analysis aims, in part, to reveal the various functions associated with textbooks in each of these Canadian provinces, as well as to expose their potential influence on how textbooks are used in the classroom. The results illustrate that the implementation of new curricula favouring a constructivist perspective was implemented without the status or role of textbooks being put into any in-depth question. The evaluation criteria lead to the conception of textbooks representing a condensed curriculum, training tools and information for teachers, tools for informing and training students as well as vectors for sociocultural values. As of yet, the conception of textbooks seem to be incongruent with the educational orientations that aspire to constructivism

Le devoir de coopération durant l'exécution du contrat

Sous le régime du Code civil du Bas-Canada, le devoir d’exécuter le contrat de bonne foi était une condition implicite de tout contrat suivant l’article 1024 C.c.B.C. Le 1er janvier 1994, ce devoir a toutefois été codifié à l’article 1375 du Code civil du Québec. Parallèlement à ce changement, le contrat a subi plusieurs remises en question, principalement en raison des critiques émises contre la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté. En réponse à ces critiques, la doctrine a proposé deux théories qui supposent une importante coopération entre les contractants durant l’exécution du contrat, à savoir le solidarisme contractuel et le contrat relationnel. La notion de bonne foi a aussi évolué récemment, passant d’une obligation de loyauté, consistant généralement en une abstention ou en un devoir de ne pas nuire à autrui, à une obligation plus active d’agir ou de faciliter l’exécution du contrat, appelée devoir de coopération. Ce devoir a donné lieu à plusieurs applications, dont celles de renseignement et de conseil. Ce mémoire étudie la portée et les limites du devoir de coopération. Il en ressort que le contenu et l’intensité de ce devoir varient en fonction de critères tenant aux parties et au contrat. Une étude plus particulière des contrats de vente, d’entreprise et de franchise ainsi que des contrats conclus dans le domaine informatique indique que le devoir de coopération est plus exigeant lorsque le contrat s’apparente au contrat de type relationnel plutôt qu’au contrat transactionnel. Le créancier peut, entre autres choses, être obligé d’« aider » son débiteur défaillant et même de renégocier le contrat devenu déséquilibré en cours d’exécution, bien que cette dernière question demeure controversée. Le devoir de coopération n’est cependant pas illimité parce qu’il s’agit d’une obligation de moyens et non de résultat. Il est également limité, voire inexistant, lorsque le débiteur de cette obligation est tenu à d’autres obligations comme un devoir de réserve ou de non-ingérence, lorsque le cocontractant est de mauvaise foi ou qu’une partie résilie unilatéralement le contrat ou décide de ne pas le renouveler.The duty of good faith in the performance of the contract was an implied condition of any contract under article 1024 of the Civil Code of Lower Canada. On January 1st 1994, however, this duty was codified at article 1375 of the Civil Code of Québec. In parallel to this change, the traditional understanding of “contract” based on the doctrine of the autonomy of the parties has come to be challenged. In response to this critique, two theories emphasizing the importance of collaboration between contractual parties during the performance of a contract have been suggested, namely, “contractual solidarism” and “relational contract” have been suggested. The notion of “good faith” has also recently evolved. It was originally limited to a duty of loyalty, consisting mainly in an abstention or in the duty not to harm anyone. Today, good faith also refers to a more active obligation which may require a party to act or to facilitate the performance of the contract. This general “duty to cooperate”, as it is called, has given rise to many applications, including the duty to inform or to advise. This paper examines the extent and limits of the duty of the contracting parties to cooperate during the performance of the contract. The content and intensity of this duty are influenced by factors pertaining to the characteristics of the contract or the contracting parties. Our study of the Québec jurisprudence focused on contracts of sale, contracts of enterprise, franchise agreements and contracts in the field of computers. It suggests that the duty of the parties to cooperate is greater in relational contracts than in transactional ones. For example, the creditor may, inter alia, be bound to “help” its defaulting debtor or to renegotiate the agreement when an unforeseen event has changed the initial contractual equilibrium. However, this last issue is still highly controversial. This duty to cooperate is not itself without limits. Firstly, it is an obligation of means, not one of result. It is also limited, even inexistent, when the debtor is bound by other duties such as a duty of “reserve” or of non-interference, when the other party is acting in bad faith or when a party unilaterally terminates a contract or does not renew it

Control of the Coupling Strength and the Linewidth of a Cavity-Magnon Polariton

The full coherent control of hybridized systems such as strongly coupled cavity photon-magnon states is a crucial step to enable future information processing technologies. Thus, it is particularly interesting to engineer deliberate control mechanisms such as the full control of the coupling strength as a measure for coherent information exchange. In this work, we employ cavity resonator spectroscopy to demonstrate the complete control of the coupling strength of hybridized cavity photon-magnon states. For this, we use two driving microwave inputs which can be tuned at will. Here, only the first input couples directly to the cavity resonator photons, whilst the second tone exclusively acts as a direct input for the magnons. For these inputs, both the relative phase $\phi$ and amplitude $\delta_0$ can be independently controlled. We demonstrate that for specific quadratures between both tones, we can increase the coupling strength, close the anticrossing gap, and enter a regime of level merging. At the transition, the total amplitude is enhanced by a factor of 1000 and we observe an additional linewidth decrease of $13\%$ at resonance due to level merging. Such control of the coupling, and hence linewidth, open up an avenue to enable or suppress an exchange of information and bridging the gap between quantum information and spintronics applications.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Oligoclonal bands increase the specificity of MRI criteria to predict multiple sclerosis in children with radiologically isolated syndrome

Radiologically isolated syndrome; Children; Multiple sclerosisSíndrome radiològicament aïllat; Nens; Esclerosi múltipleSíndrome radiológicamente aislado; Niños; Esclerosis múltipleBACKGROUND: Steps towards the development of diagnostic criteria are needed for children with the radiologically isolated syndrome to identify children at risk of clinical demyelination. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the 2005 and 2016 MAGNIMS magnetic resonance imaging criteria for dissemination in space for multiple sclerosis, both alone and with oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid added, as predictors of a first clinical event consistent with central nervous system demyelination in children with radiologically isolated syndrome. METHODS: We analysed an international historical cohort of 61 children with radiologically isolated syndrome (≤18 years), defined using the 2010 magnetic resonance imaging dissemination in space criteria (Ped-RIS) who were followed longitudinally (mean 4.2 ± 4.7 years). All index scans also met the 2017 magnetic resonance imaging dissemination in space criteria. RESULTS: Diagnostic indices (95% confidence intervals) for the 2005 dissemination in space criteria, with and without oligoclonal bands, were: sensitivity 66.7% (38.4-88.2%) versus 72.7% (49.8-89.3%); specificity 83.3% (58.6-96.4%) versus 53.9% (37.2-69.9%). For the 2016 MAGNIMS dissemination in space criteria diagnostic indices were: sensitivity 76.5% (50.1-93.2%) versus 100% (84.6-100%); specificity 72.7% (49.8-89.3%) versus 25.6% (13.0-42.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Oligoclonal bands increased the specificity of magnetic resonance imaging criteria in children with Ped-RIS. Clinicians should consider testing cerebrospinal fluid to improve diagnostic certainty. There is rationale to include cerebrospinal fluid analysis for biomarkers including oligoclonal bands in planned prospective studies to develop optimal diagnostic criteria for radiologically isolated syndrome in childre

European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and European Academy of Neurology consensus on vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis: Improving immunization strategies in the era of highly active immunotherapeutic drugs

Disease-modifying therapy; Infections; VaccinationTeràpia modificadora de la malaltia; Infeccions; VacunacióTerapia modificadora de la enfermedad; Infecciones; VacunaciónBackground and purpose With the new highly active drugs available for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), vaccination becomes an essential part of the risk management strategy. We aimed to develop a European evidence-based consensus for the vaccination strategy of pwMS who are candidates for disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Methods This work was conducted by a multidisciplinary working group using formal consensus methodology. Clinical questions (defined as population, interventions and outcomes) considered all authorized DMTs and vaccines. A systematic literature search was conducted and quality of evidence was defined according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The recommendations were formulated based on the quality of evidence and the risk–benefit balance. Results Seven questions, encompassing vaccine safety, vaccine effectiveness, global vaccination strategy and vaccination in subpopulations (pediatric, pregnant women, elderly and international travelers) were considered. A narrative description of the evidence considering published studies, guidelines and position statements is presented. A total of 53 recommendations were agreed by the working group after three rounds of consensus. Conclusion This first European consensus on vaccination in pwMS proposes the best vaccination strategy according to current evidence and expert knowledge, with the goal of homogenizing the immunization practices in pwMS