Nosocomial Pneumonia

Pneumonia is the most serious hospital-acquired infection particularly among intensive care patients. Despite theraphy with broad spectrum antibiotics and supportive care nosocomial pneumonia remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity. This article concentrates on pathogenesis, risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia and summarize the diagnosis, therapy and prevention

Infection Control Organizations with Limited Resources

Nosocomial infection surveillance using standard surveillance method and standard definitions is necessary to determine problems and to take appropriate infection control precautions. A good organization including infection control committee set up is essential to reach this aim. It is hard to apply infection control precautions in the hospitals and countries with limited resources. The main problems are; lack of training, lack of quality and quantity of the personnel, limited enforcement of hospital infection control committee, inadequate awareness of hospital staff, HCW in the hospital infection control perform efforts as an additional task, tasks of hospital infection control committee were not defined well, failure or under-application of legal bases, lack of administrative supports, lack of separate budget for infection control, inadequate conformity with the architectural structure for hospital infection control (isolation, etc.), presence of a crowded hospital and patient rooms, inability to provide adequate tools and materials for infection control, lack of national guidelines for infection control. This review emphasis on organization of hospital infection control measures in the hospitals and countries with limited resources

Ebola Virus Infection

Ebola virus is one of the cause of viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rate. This recent West African outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak in history. The current Ebola outbreak is caused by Zaire Ebola virus species. Ebola virus disease can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, body fluids and skin of infected patient and also person who have died because of the disease. The clinical manifestations of infection are nonspecific so it is important to consider differential diagnosis including infectious and non-infectious disorders during the evaluation of the disease. There are no approved antiviral therapy and also vaccine yet but early results of ongoing researches looks promising. The progression of the illness is considerably related to effective supportive therapy

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: current status and future challenges.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease of humans that affects a wide geographic area of Africa and Eurasia, including Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Russia. Since the first detection of CCHF cases in Turkey in 2002, more than 9700 patients have been reported, with an overall mortality rate just under 5%. This article assesses the present epidemiological situation of CCHF in Turkey, with an updated literature review, describes national practices and summarizes lessons learned in preparation for future outbreaks. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

2D high-frequency forward-looking sonar simulator based on continuous surfaces approach

Optical cameras give detailed images in clear waters. However, in dark or turbid waters, information coming from electro-optical sensors is insufficient for accurate scene perception. Imaging sonars, also known as acoustic cameras, can provide enhanced target details in these scenarios. In this paper, a computationally efficient 2D high-frequency, forward-looking sonar image simulator is presented. Stages and requirements of the image formation process are explained in detail. For the postprocessing of the returned sonar signals, a novel computation engine is proposed based on the geometric structures of the simulated surfaces. By treating all the continuous surfaces separately, the simulator is able to exactly calculate bright and shadowed zones in the 2D sonar image

Single Dose Benzathine Penicillin G in the Treatment of Acute Tonsillopharyngitis Due to Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

The success rate of single dose benzathine penicillin G intramuscular (IM) injection in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) was investigated. Totally 179 patients in the acute phase of tonsillopharyngeal infection with physical findings of; tonsillar redness, edema, grayish white exudate, enlarged lymph nodes were enrolled into this prospective study. Throat cultures and rapid immunoassay test for the qualitative detection of group A streptococcus antigen was used for all patients. Throat cultures were found positive in 74 (41.4%) patients, whereas rapid immunoassay test was found positive in 69 (38.5%) patients. Single injection dose of benzathine penicillin G was administered to the patients with positive antigen test. Patients were checked with throat samples at 3 and 17 days after injection. The failure rate of this treatment was found as 5% at the end of 17 days