Between standardized teaching goals and individual learning processes. Possibilities of adaptive, technology-enhanced learning systems

Lernende orientieren sich bei der Auswahl und Planung ihrer Lernaktivitäten stark daran, was ihnen von einer Lehrperson vorgegeben wird. Empirische Befunde zeigen, dass insbesondere die Art der Prüfungsgestaltung als einflussreiches didaktisches Mittel angesehen werden kann, das den Lernprozess Studierender stark beeinflusst. Starre Strukturen und hoher Workload in Bachelor- und Masterstudiengängen fördern diesen Effekt zusätzlich, da wenig Zeit für selbstbestimmtes Lernen bleibt. In einer idealen Lehr-Lern-Situation sollten daher Lehrziele, Lehrmethode und Prüfungsgestaltung bestmöglich auf einander abgestimmt sein, um einen effizienten Lernprozess zu fördern (Constructive Alignment). Gleichzeitig sollten die individuellen Voraussetzungen jedes Lernenden berücksichtigt werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt auf, wie technologie-gestützte Lernsysteme dazu beitragen können, individualisierte Lernwege zu realisieren, um eine heterogene Gruppe von Lernenden beim Erreichen derselben vorgegebenen Lernziele zu unterstützen. Es wird beleuchtet, welche Lernendenvariablen und welche instruktionalen Methoden sich eignen, um individualisierte Lernarrangements zu gestalten und diskutiert, welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Rahmenbedingungen von Lehr-Lern-Situationen ergeben.Learners mainly use given information from their teacher as point of reference for selecting and planning their learning activities. Empirical evidence showed that especially the assessment format has a strong impact on learning processes. This effect is further enhanced through inflexible study plans and a huge required workload, which leave less space for self-regulated learning. Thus, in an ideal learning situation, teaching goals, learning activities triggered by the teacher’s instructions, and the format of assessment correspond to each other (Constructive Alignment) to support an effective learning process. In this article we demonstrate how technology-based learning systems can be used to support individualized learning processes in order to support heterogeneous groups of learners in reaching the same learning goals. We discuss which learner variables and instructional methods are useful for implementation in adaptive learning systems and discuss consequences for the frame conditions of formal learning contexts

The Challenge of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Expansion: Current and Prospective Answers

In the field of cell therapy, allogenic human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are often used in clinical trials, creating a demand for cell mass production using efficient dynamic bioreactor systems. As an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP), such cells should meet certain special requirements, including product specifications requiring a production process compatible with good manufacturing practice (GMP). The development of processes in which the cells are the product therefore remains a significant challenge. This chapter describes the requirements at different steps in the upstream and downstream phases of such dynamic processes. Potential solutions are presented and future prospects are discussed, including the selection of media and carriers for the strictly adherent growing cells, allowing efficient cell adhesion and detachment. Strategies for dynamic cultivation in bioreactors are described in detail for fixed‐bed and stirred‐tank reactors based on GMP requirements and the integration of process analytical technology (PAT). Following cell harvest, separation and purification, the formulation and storage of the product are also described. Finally, the chapter covers important cell quality characteristics necessary for the approval of ATMPs

Manufacturing of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Microcarriers in a Dynamic System for Clinical Use

Citation: Florian Petry, J. Robert Smith, Jasmin Leber, Denise Salzig, Peter Czermak, and Mark L. Weiss, “Manufacturing of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Microcarriers in a Dynamic System for Clinical Use,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2016, Article ID 4834616, 12 pages, 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/4834616The great properties of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) make these cells an important tool in regenerative medicine. Because of the limitations of hMSCs derived from the bone marrow during isolation and expansion, hMSCs derived from the umbilical cord stroma are a great alternative to overcome these issues. For a large expansion of these cells, we performed a process transfer from static culture to a dynamic system. For this reason, a microcarrier selection out of five microcarrier types was made to achieve a suitable growth surface for the cells. The growth characteristics and metabolite consumption and production were used to compare the cells growth in 12-well plate and spinner flask. The goal to determine relevant process parameters to transfer the expansion process into a stirred tank bioreactor was achieved

Attachment, Growth, and Detachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Chemically Defined Medium

Citation: Denise Salzig, Jasmin Leber, Katharina Merkewitz, Michaela C. Lange, Natascha Köster, and Peter Czermak, “Attachment, Growth, and Detachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Chemically Defined Medium,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2016, Article ID 5246584, 10 pages, 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/5246584The manufacture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for clinical applications requires an appropriate growth surface and an optimized, preferably chemically defined medium (CDM) for expansion. We investigated a new protein/peptide-free CDM that supports the adhesion, growth, and detachment of an immortalized hMSC line (hMSC-TERT) as well as primary cells derived from bone marrow (bm-hMSCs) and adipose tissue (ad-hMSCs). We observed the rapid attachment and spreading of hMSC-TERT cells and ad-hMSCs in CDM concomitant with the expression of integrin and actin fibers. Cell spreading was promoted by coating the growth surface with collagen type IV and fibronectin. The growth of hMSC-TERT cells was similar in CDM and serum-containing medium whereas the lag phase of bm-hMSCs was prolonged in CDM. FGF-2 or surface coating with collagen type IV promoted the growth of bm-hMSCs, but laminin had no effect. All three cell types retained their trilineage differentiation capability in CDM and were detached by several enzymes (but not collagenase in the case of hMSC-TERT cells). The medium and coating did not affect detachment efficiency but influenced cell survival after detachment. CDM combined with cell-specific surface coatings and/or FGF-2 supplements is therefore as effective as serum-containing medium for the manufacture of different hMSC types

Lernräume adaptiv gestalten. Ein blickbewegungsbasierter Ansatz

Beim Lernen mit Multimedia werden Lernende mit einer Vielzahl an Informationen in unterschiedlichen Darbietungsformaten konfrontiert, die zur Konstruktion eines elaborierten mentalen Modells zusammengeführt und miteinander verbunden werden müssen. Auf Grund individueller Lernvoraussetzungen stellt diese Aufgabe Lernende vor unterschiedliche Herausforderungen. Hier sollten den Lernenden passend zu ihren Lernvoraussetzungen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen angeboten werden. Im Folgenden wird das Konzept für ein adaptives multimediales Lernsystem vorgestellt, in welchem Blickbewegungsparameter zur adaptiven Anpassung eines multimedialen Lernraums an die Voraussetzungen des Lernenden eingesetzt werden. (DIPF/Orig.