37 research outputs found
The Gaseous Environments of Radio Galaxies
X-ray emission traces the gaseous environments of radio sources. The medium
must be present for jet confinement, but what are its influence on jet
fuelling, dynamics, propagation, and disruption? The observational situation is
both complicated and enriched by radio sources being multi-component X-ray
emitters, with several possible regions of non-thermal emission. Recent work,
primarily based on sensitive ROSAT pointings, is used to contrast the X-ray
emission and environments of radio sources with (a) low power, (b) high power
at high redshift, (c) high power at lower redshift, and (d) GHz peaked spectrum
emission. The trends in external gas density and pressure near extended radio
structures are reviewed. Imminently-available X-ray measurements with vastly
improved resolution and sensitivity have great potential for resolving many
open issues.Comment: 20 pages, including 11 figures, using elsart.sty to appear in `Life
Cycles of Radio Galaxies' ed. J Biretta et al., New Astronomy Reviews
(Elsevier Science
Comparing Presenting Clinical Features in 48 Children With Microscopic Polyangiitis to 183 Children Who Have Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's) : an ARChiVe Cohort Study
OBJECTIVE:
To uniquely classify children with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), to describe their demographic characteristics, presenting clinical features, and initial treatments in comparison to patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA).
METHODS:
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) classification algorithm was applied by computation to categorical data from patients recruited to the ARChiVe (A Registry for Childhood Vasculitis: e-entry) cohort, with the data censored to November 2015. The EMA algorithm was used to uniquely distinguish children with MPA from children with GPA, whose diagnoses had been classified according to both adult- and pediatric-specific criteria. Descriptive statistics were used for comparisons.
RESULTS:
In total, 231 of 440 patients (64% female) fulfilled the classification criteria for either MPA (n\u2009=\u200948) or GPA (n\u2009=\u2009183). The median time to diagnosis was 1.6 months in the MPA group and 2.1 months in the GPA group (ranging to 39 and 73 months, respectively). Patients with MPA were significantly younger than those with GPA (median age 11 years versus 14 years). Constitutional features were equally common between the groups. In patients with MPA compared to those with GPA, pulmonary manifestations were less frequent (44% versus 74%) and less severe (primarily, hemorrhage, requirement for supplemental oxygen, and pulmonary failure). Renal pathologic features were frequently found in both groups (75% of patients with MPA versus 83% of patients with GPA) but tended toward greater severity in those with MPA (primarily, nephrotic-range proteinuria, requirement for dialysis, and end-stage renal disease). Airway/eye involvement was absent among patients with MPA, because these GPA-defining features preclude a diagnosis of MPA within the EMA algorithm. Similar proportions of patients with MPA and those with GPA received combination therapy with corticosteroids plus cyclophosphamide (69% and 78%, respectively) or both drugs in combination with plasmapheresis (19% and 22%, respectively). Other treatments administered, ranging in decreasing frequency from 13% to 3%, were rituximab, methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil.
CONCLUSION:
Younger age at disease onset and, perhaps, both gastrointestinal manifestations and more severe kidney disease seem to characterize the clinical profile in children with MPA compared to those with GPA. Delay in diagnosis suggests that recognition of these systemic vasculitides is suboptimal. Compared with adults, initial treatment regimens in children were comparable, but the complete reversal of female-to-male disease prevalence ratios is a provocative finding
A comparison of the prevalence of IDF- and ATPIII- defined metabolic syndrome in adults aged 50 and over in Ireland: findings from TILDA
Multilateral subsidy games
Industrial policy, Investment subsidies, Subsidy wars, Strategic trade policy, R&D spillovers, Oligopoly, L13, F12,