Structure and Message in Trobriand cricket

Ce texte est une version révisée des « Notes » afférentes à Trobriand cricket, film très connu parmi les anthropologues, qui fut réalisé à l’époque où leur attention se centrait (et c’est encore souvent le cas) sur le « message » décelable dans les comportements sociaux. Le thème principal de l’article se résume ainsi : comment les messages ont-ils été construits et insérés dans l’ensemble du documentaire, par le biais des relations entre ses bases constitutives, les images, le discours ? En formalisant quelque peu, l’auteur rend manifestes certains de ces messages du film. Bien sûr, ceux que perçoivent de facto un spectateur ou un public donnés relèvent d’un autre registre et restent ouverts à des recherches ultérieures.Structure and Message in Trobriand cricketThis paper is a modified version of the « Notes » to accompany the much talked-about film Trobriand cricket, that was made during a period in anthropology when attention was, and still is, focused on the message-bearing aspects of social behaviour. This dominant concern expressed in the article is about how messages were built into the whole film through the interrelations of its basic parts, images, and words. The author makes explicit, in a moderately formalized way, what some of the intended messages of Trobriand cricket are. The actual message to any given viewer or audience are, of course, another matter, and open to further investigation.El cricket de las Islas Trobriand : estructura y mensajeEste texto lo constituye una versión modificada de las « Notas » que respectan a Trobriand cricket, una película de mucha fama entre los antropólogos, que fue realizada cuando los trabajos de estos últimos enfocaban el « mensaje » traído por las conductas sociales (enfoque que sigue siendo vigente, a menudo). Una cuestión sintetiza el tema del artículo : ¿ De qué manera los mensajes han sido construídos e incorporados en el conjunto del filme, mediante las interrelaciones de sus partes básicas, de las imágenes y de las palabras ? El autor elucida algunos mensajes del documental, formalizándolos en cierta medida. Por supuesto, los que perciben tal espectador o tal público son datos distintos que quedan abiertos para investigaciones ulteriores

Urban Dispersion Program: Urban Measurements Applied to Emergency Response

Air motions in and around cities are highly complex, and the increasing threat of harmful releases into urban atmospheres makes advancing the state-of-science of understanding and modeling atmospheric flows and dispersion in and around cities essential. The four-year Urban Dispersion Program (UDP) funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency has recently been completed. The program’s primary focus was to conduct tracer and meteorological field studies in Manhattan to improve our understanding of flow and dispersion of airborne contaminants through and around the deep street canyons of New York City, including outdoor-indoor-subway exchange mechanisms. Additionally, urban dispersion models are being validated and first-responder guidance are being refined using data collected during the two UDP field studies. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory led several government laboratories, universities and private companies in conducting the two UDP field studies. The first study was a small-scale study that investigated dispersion in the immediate vicinity of the Madison Square Garden during March 2005 (MSG05), while the second UDP study was an extensive study conducted during August 2005 in Midtown Manhattan (MID05). A brief overview of the UDP field studies will be given followed by a discussion of some limitations of current urban models in simulating dispersion in urban areas. Some first-responder guidance based on findings from recent urban field studies will also be presented

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Exogenous Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 and Perfusion Culture Induce Collagen Crosslink Formation in Osteogenic Grafts.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX)-mediated collagen crosslinking can regulate osteoblastic phenotype and enhance mechanical properties of tissues, both areas of interest in bone tissue engineering. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in perfusion bioreactors, enzymatic collagen crosslink formation in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and mechanical properties of engineered bone grafts. Exogenous LOXL2 to MSCs seeded in composite scaffolds under perfusion culture for up to 28 days is administered. Constructs treated with LOXL2 appear brown in color and possess greater DNA content and osteogenic potential measured by a twofold increase in bone sialoprotein gene expression. Collagen expression of LOXL2-treated scaffolds is lower than untreated controls. Functional outputs such as calcium deposition, osteocalcin expression, and compressive modulus are unaffected by LOXL2 supplementation. Excitingly, LOXL2-treated constructs contain 1.8- and 1.4-times more pyridinoline (PYD) crosslinks per mole of collagen and per wet weight, respectively, than untreated constructs. Despite these increases, compressive moduli of LOXL2-treated constructs are similar to untreated constructs over the 28-day culture duration. This is the first report of LOXL2 application to engineered, three-dimensional bony constructs. The results suggest a potentially new strategy for engineering osteogenic grafts with a mature ECM by modulating crosslink formation

Targeting eIF4A-Dependent Translation of KRAS Signaling Molecules.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) epitomizes a deadly cancer driven by abnormal KRAS signaling. Here, we show that the eIF4A RNA helicase is required for translation of key KRAS signaling molecules and that pharmacological inhibition of eIF4A has single-agent activity against murine and human PDAC models at safe dose levels. EIF4A was uniquely required for the translation of mRNAs with long and highly structured 5\u27 untranslated regions, including those with multiple G-quadruplex elements. Computational analyses identified these features in mRNAs encoding KRAS and key downstream molecules. Transcriptome-scale ribosome footprinting accurately identified eIF4A-dependent mRNAs in PDAC, including critical KRAS signaling molecules such as PI3K, RALA, RAC2, MET, MYC, and YAP1. These findings contrast with a recent study that relied on an older method, polysome fractionation, and implicated redox-related genes as eIF4A clients. Together, our findings highlight the power of ribosome footprinting in conjunction with deep RNA sequencing in accurately decoding translational control mechanisms and define the therapeutic mechanism of eIF4A inhibitors in PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings document the coordinate, eIF4A-dependent translation of RAS-related oncogenic signaling molecules and demonstrate therapeutic efficacy of eIF4A blockade in pancreatic adenocarcinoma