Dugotrajno nošenje maski za lice kod stomatologa pogoršava samoprijavljene simptome suhog oka tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate self-reported MADE during the COVID-19 pandemic in dental healthcare practitioners and identify their possible risk factors. Material and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to doctors of dental medicine in the time period from February 2022 to August 2022. The online questionnaire included demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics: presence and deterioration of DED symptoms while wearing the face mask, personal protective face equipment, use of contact lenses, history of eye surgery, current use of medica-tions, number of hours wearing face mask, and evaluation of subjective DED symptoms using modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Results: A total of 405 participants were included in the study and an overall prevalence of MADE was 29.1% (95% CI: 24.7 - 33.6). The participants who used masks more than 6 hours per day during the whole day reported a higher OSDI score (12.5 (IQR = 2.6 – 29.2)) compared to the participants who used masks less than 6 hours/day (6.25 (IQR = 0 – 22.92); Mann-Whitney U Test p = 0.066). Multivariable logistic regression revealed the following possible risk factors for self-reported MADE: age (older than 61 years) OR: 3.522 (95% CI 1.448 -8.563); p=0.05, and wearing the face mask more than 6 h at work OR: 1.779 (95% CI 1.017 – 3.113); p=0.044. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported MADE among dental healthcare practitioners appears to be significant. The use of a face mask for a prolonged duration increases OSDI scores. MeSH Terms: face masks, dry eye, MADE, ocular discomfort, COVID-19, protective face equipment.Cilj: Željelo se procijeniti samoprijavljeni MADE kod stomatologa tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 i identificirati moguće čimbenike rizika. Materijal i metode: Anonimni upitnik poslan je doktorima dentalne medicine u razdoblju od veljače 2022. do kolovoza iste godine. Postavljena pitanja obuhvaćala su demografske i kliničke podatke: prisutnost i pogoršanje simptoma DED-a tijekom nošenja maske za lice, osobne zaštitne opreme za lice, korištenje kontaktnih leća, povijest operacija oka, trenutačnu upotrebu lijekova, broj sati nošenja maske za lice i procjenu subjektivnih simptoma DED-a s pomoću modificiranog indeksa za bolesti očne površine (OSDI). Rezultati: U studiju je bilo uključeno ukupno 405 sudionika, a ukupna prevalencija MADE-a bila je 29,1 % (95 % CI: 24,7 – 33,6). Sudionici koji su se koristili maskama više od 6 sati na dan tijekom cijelog dana prijavili su viši OSDI rezultat (12,5 (IQR = 2,6 – 29,2)) u usporedbi s onima koji su nosili maske kraće od 6 sati na dan (6,25 (IQR = 0 – 22,92); Mann-Whitneyjev U test, p = 0,066) Multivarijabilna logistička regresija otkrila je sljedeće moguće čimbenike rizika za samoprijavljeni MADE: dob (stariji od 61 godine) OR:3,522 (95 % CI 1,448 – 8,563); p = 0,05 i nošenje maske za lice dulje od 6 sati na poslu OR: 1,779 (95 % CI 1,017 – 3,113); p = 0,044. Zaključak: Čini se da je prevalencija samoprijavljenog MADE-a među stomatolozima značajna. Dulje korištenje maske za lice tijekom rada povećava OSDI rezultate

Current state of the art in 3D printing of metals in dental medicine

Napretkom tehnologije i digitalizacijom dentalne medicine razvile su se nove tehnike proizvodnje metalnih nadomjestaka i njihovih konstrukcijskih elemenata koje su dovele do unaprjeđenja mnogo industrija. Aditivna tehnologija, odnosno 3D gradnja, svoju primjenu našla je i u dentalnoj medicini. Zbog svojih je prednosti poput obrade metala, očuvanja izvrsnih svojstava, brzine i jednostavnosti proizvodnog postupka te konačno cijene, zamijenila analogne tehnike, ali i digitalne reduktivne metode. Najčešće korištene tehnike 3D gradnje metala u stomatologiji temeljene su na PBF-u, a to su DMLS, SLM i EBM. Nadalje, tehnikama 3D gradnje pojednostavila se obrada legura koje se, unatoč biokompatibilnosti i dobrim mehaničkim svojstvima, zbog složene izrade analognim tehnikama nisu često koristile. Razvojem tehnologije 3D gradnje povećala se izrada konstrukcijskih dijelova protetskih nadomjestaka od legura Co-Cr i titanija, koje su danas zlatni standard u dentalnoj medicini. Metali i njihove legure najčešće se koriste u dentalnoj protetici i implantologiji za izradu metalnih osnova krunica, mostova, implantata i implantoloških suprastruktura pa je i upotreba 3D gradnje metala najveća u tim granama dentalne medicine.Through advances in technology and digitalization of dental medicine, new techniques have developed for the production of metal-based dental appliances and their structural elements that have led to the progress of many industries. Additive technology, i.e. 3D printing, has found its application in dental medicine as well. Due to its advantages in terms of metal processing, the preservation of excellent properties, speed, simplicity of production and, finally, in terms of price, it replaced analogue techniques, as well as digital reductive methods. The most commonly used 3D metal printing techniques in dentistry are based on PBF, namely DMLS, SLM and EBM. Furthermore, 3D printing techniques have simplified the processing of alloys that, despite their biocompatibility and favourable mechanical properties, were seldom used due to complicated analogue manufacturing techniques. The development of 3D printing technology has increased the production of structural elements for prosthetic dental appliances made from Co-Cr and titanium alloys, which are considered the current professional standard in dental medicine. Metals and their alloys are most often used in dental prosthodontics and implantology for the production of metal bases for crowns, bridges, implants and implantological superstructures. Therefore, the use of 3D metal printing is the most substantial in these fields of dental medicine

Current state of the art in 3D printing of metals in dental medicine

Napretkom tehnologije i digitalizacijom dentalne medicine razvile su se nove tehnike proizvodnje metalnih nadomjestaka i njihovih konstrukcijskih elemenata koje su dovele do unaprjeđenja mnogo industrija. Aditivna tehnologija, odnosno 3D gradnja, svoju primjenu našla je i u dentalnoj medicini. Zbog svojih je prednosti poput obrade metala, očuvanja izvrsnih svojstava, brzine i jednostavnosti proizvodnog postupka te konačno cijene, zamijenila analogne tehnike, ali i digitalne reduktivne metode. Najčešće korištene tehnike 3D gradnje metala u stomatologiji temeljene su na PBF-u, a to su DMLS, SLM i EBM. Nadalje, tehnikama 3D gradnje pojednostavila se obrada legura koje se, unatoč biokompatibilnosti i dobrim mehaničkim svojstvima, zbog složene izrade analognim tehnikama nisu često koristile. Razvojem tehnologije 3D gradnje povećala se izrada konstrukcijskih dijelova protetskih nadomjestaka od legura Co-Cr i titanija, koje su danas zlatni standard u dentalnoj medicini. Metali i njihove legure najčešće se koriste u dentalnoj protetici i implantologiji za izradu metalnih osnova krunica, mostova, implantata i implantoloških suprastruktura pa je i upotreba 3D gradnje metala najveća u tim granama dentalne medicine.Through advances in technology and digitalization of dental medicine, new techniques have developed for the production of metal-based dental appliances and their structural elements that have led to the progress of many industries. Additive technology, i.e. 3D printing, has found its application in dental medicine as well. Due to its advantages in terms of metal processing, the preservation of excellent properties, speed, simplicity of production and, finally, in terms of price, it replaced analogue techniques, as well as digital reductive methods. The most commonly used 3D metal printing techniques in dentistry are based on PBF, namely DMLS, SLM and EBM. Furthermore, 3D printing techniques have simplified the processing of alloys that, despite their biocompatibility and favourable mechanical properties, were seldom used due to complicated analogue manufacturing techniques. The development of 3D printing technology has increased the production of structural elements for prosthetic dental appliances made from Co-Cr and titanium alloys, which are considered the current professional standard in dental medicine. Metals and their alloys are most often used in dental prosthodontics and implantology for the production of metal bases for crowns, bridges, implants and implantological superstructures. Therefore, the use of 3D metal printing is the most substantial in these fields of dental medicine

Prolonged Face Mask Wearing Worsens Self-Reported Dry Eye Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Dental Healthcare Practitioners

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate self-reported MADE during the COVID-19 pandemic in dental healthcare practitioners and identify their possible risk factors. Material and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to doctors of dental medicine in the time period from February 2022 to August 2022. The online questionnaire included demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics: presence and deterioration of DED symptoms while wearing the face mask, personal protective face equipment, use of contact lenses, history of eye surgery, current use of medica-tions, number of hours wearing face mask, and evaluation of subjective DED symptoms using modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Results: A total of 405 participants were included in the study and an overall prevalence of MADE was 29.1% (95% CI: 24.7 - 33.6). The participants who used masks more than 6 hours per day during the whole day reported a higher OSDI score (12.5 (IQR = 2.6 – 29.2)) compared to the participants who used masks less than 6 hours/day (6.25 (IQR = 0 – 22.92); Mann-Whitney U Test p = 0.066). Multivariable logistic regression revealed the following possible risk factors for self-reported MADE: age (older than 61 years) OR: 3.522 (95% CI 1.448 -8.563); p=0.05, and wearing the face mask more than 6 h at work OR: 1.779 (95% CI 1.017 – 3.113); p=0.044. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported MADE among dental healthcare practitioners appears to be significant. The use of a face mask for a prolonged duration increases OSDI scores. MeSH Terms: face masks, dry eye, MADE, ocular discomfort, COVID-19, protective face equipment