155 research outputs found
RENORMALONS FROM EIGHT LOOP EXPANSION OF THE GLUON CONDENSATE IN LATTICE GAUGE THEORY,
We use a numerical method to obtain the weak coupling perturbative
coefficients of local operators with lattice regularization. Such a method
allows us to extend the perturbative expansions obtained so far by analytical
Feynman diagrams calculations. In SU(3) lattice gauge theory in four dimensions
we compute the first eight coefficients of the expectation value of the Wilson
loop on the elementary plaquette which is related to the gluon condensate. The
computed eight coefficients grow with the order much faster than predicted by
the presence of the infrared renormalon associated to the dimension of the
gluon condensate. However the renormalon behaviour for large order is quite
well reproduced if one considers the expansion coefficients in a new coupling
related to the lattice coupling by large perturbative corrections. This is
expected since the lattice and continuum Lambda scales differ by almost two
orders of magnitude.Comment: 11 pages, LaTe
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the critical role of cataplerosis in the control of hepatic metabolism
BACKGROUND: The metabolic function of PEPCK-C is not fully understood; deletion of the gene for the enzyme in mice provides an opportunity to fully assess its function. METHODS: The gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK-C) was deleted in mice by homologous recombination (PEPCK-C(-/- )mice) and the metabolic consequences assessed. RESULTS: PEPCK-C(-/-) mice became severely hypoglycemic by day two after birth and then died with profound hypoglycemia (12 mg/dl). The mice had milk in their stomachs at day two after birth and the administration of glucose raised the concentration of blood glucose in the mice but did not result in an increased survival. PEPCK-C(-/- )mice have two to three times the hepatic triglyceride content as control littermates on the second day after birth. These mice also had an elevation of lactate (2.5 times), β-hydroxybutyrate (3 times) and triglyceride (50%) in their blood, as compared to control animals. On day two after birth, alanine, glycine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate and asparagine were elevated in the blood of the PEPCK-C(-/- )mice and the blood urea nitrogen concentration was increased by 2-fold. The rate of oxidation of [2-(14)C]-acetate, and [5-(14)C]-glutamate to (14)CO(2 )by liver slices from PEPCK-C(-/- )mice at two days of age was greatly reduced, as was the rate of fatty acid synthesis from acetate and glucose. As predicted by the lack of PEPCK-C, the concentration of malate in the livers of the PEPCK-C(-/- )mice was 10 times that of controls. CONCLUSION: We conclude that PEPCK-C is required not only for gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis but also for cataplerosis (i.e. the removal of citric acid cycle anions) and that the failure of this process in the livers of PEPCK-C(-/- )mice results in a marked reduction in citric acid cycle flux and the shunting of hepatic lipid into triglyceride, resulting in a fatty liver
Residual Cajal bodies in coilin knockout mice fail to recruit Sm snRNPs and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy gene product
Cajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear suborganelles involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). In addition to snRNPs, they are highly enriched in basal transcription and cell cycle factors, the nucleolar proteins fibrillarin (Fb) and Nopp140 (Nopp), the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein complex, and the CB marker protein, p80 coilin. We report the generation of knockout mice lacking the COOH-terminal 487 amino acids of coilin. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrate that we have successfully removed the full-length coilin protein from the knockout animals. Some homozygous mutant animals are viable, but their numbers are reduced significantly when crossed to inbred backgrounds. Analysis of tissues and cell lines from mutant animals reveals the presence of extranucleolar foci that contain Fb and Nopp but not other typical nucleolar markers. These so-called “residual” CBs neither condense Sm proteins nor recruit members of the SMN protein complex. Transient expression of wild-type mouse coilin in knockout cells results in formation of CBs and restores these missing epitopes. Our data demonstrate that full-length coilin is essential for proper formation and/or maintenance of CBs and that recruitment of snRNP and SMN complex proteins to these nuclear subdomains requires sequences within the coilin COOH terminus
Scale Setting in QCD and the Momentum Flow in Feynman Diagrams
We present a formalism to evaluate QCD diagrams with a single virtual gluon
using a running coupling constant at the vertices. This method, which
corresponds to an all-order resummation of certain terms in a perturbative
series, provides a description of the momentum flow through the gluon
propagator. It can be viewed as a generalization of the scale-setting
prescription of Brodsky, Lepage and Mackenzie to all orders in perturbation
theory. In particular, the approach can be used to investigate why in some
cases the ``typical'' momenta in a loop diagram are different from the
``natural'' scale of the process. It offers an intuitive understanding of the
appearance of infrared renormalons in perturbation theory and their connection
to the rate of convergence of a perturbative series. Moreover, it allows one to
separate short- and long-distance contributions by introducing a hard
factorization scale. Several applications to one- and two-scale problems are
discussed in detail.Comment: eqs.(51) and (83) corrected, minor typographic changes mad
Optimal Renormalization Scale and Scheme for Exclusive Processes
We use the BLM method to fix the renormalization scale of the QCD coupling in
exclusive hadronic amplitudes such as the pion form factor and the
photon-to-pion transition form factor at large momentum transfer.
Renormalization-scheme-independent commensurate scale relations are established
which connect the hard scattering subprocess amplitudes that control exclusive
processes to other QCD observables such as the heavy quark potential and the
electron-positron annihilation cross section. The commensurate scale relation
connecting the heavy quark potential, as determined from lattice gauge theory,
to the photon-to-pion transition form factor is in excellent agreement with
data assuming that the pion distribution amplitude is
close to its asymptotic form . We also reproduce the
scaling and normalization of the data at large
momentum transfer. Because the renormalization scale is small, we argue that
the effective coupling is nearly constant, thus accounting for the nominal
scaling behavior of the data. However, the normalization of the space-like pion
form factor obtained from electroproduction experiments is
somewhat higher than that predicted by the corresponding commensurate scale
relation. This discrepancy may be due to systematic errors introduced by the
extrapolation of the electroproduction data to the
pion pole.Comment: 22 pages, Latex, 7 Latex figures. Several references added,
discussion of scale fixing revised for clarity. Final version to appear in
Phys. Rev.
Standard Model Matrix Elements for Neutral B-Meson Mixing and Associated Decay Constants
We present results of quenched lattice calculations of the matrix elements
relevant for B_d-\bar B_d and B_s-\bar B_s mixing in the Standard Model.
Results for the corresponding SU(3)-breaking ratios, which can be used to
constrain or determine |V_{td}|, are also given. The calculations are performed
at two values of the lattice spacing, corresponding to \beta = 6.0 and \beta =
6.2, with quarks described by a mean-field-improved Sheikholeslami-Wohlert
action. As a by-product, we obtain the leptonic decay constants of B and D
mesons. We also present matrix elements relevant for D^0-\bar D^0 mixing. Our
results are summarized in the Introduction.Comment: 27 pages (RevTeX), 26 figures, version published in Phys. Rev. D:
improved estimate of the systematic error associated with the uncertainty on
the strange quark mass and other small improvements to analysis (results
change only slightly); correction of typos and minor changes to text; RevTeX
formattin
Model-Independent Global Constraints on New Physics
Using effective-lagrangian techniques we perform a systematic survey of the
lowest-dimension effective interactions through which heavy physics might
manifest itself in present experiments. We do not restrict ourselves to special
classes of effective interactions (such as `oblique' corrections). We compute
the effects of these operators on all currently well-measured electroweak
observables, both at low energies and at the resonance, and perform a
global fit to their coefficients. Despite the fact that a great many operators
arise in our survey, we find that most are quite strongly bounded by the
current data. We use our survey to systematically identify those effective
interactions which are {\it not} well-bounded by the data -- these could very
well include large new-physics contributions. Our results may also be used to
efficiently confront specific models for new physics with the data, as we
illustrate with an example.Comment: plain TeX, 68 pages, 2 figures (postscript files appended),
McGill-93/12, NEIPH-93-008, OCIP/C-93-6, UQAM-PHE-93/08, UdeM-LPN-TH-93-15
High-p_T pion and kaon production in relativistic nuclear collisions
High-p_T pion and kaon production is studied in relativistic proton-proton,
proton-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions in a wide energy range. Cross
sections are calculated based on perturbative QCD, augmented by a
phenomenological transverse momentum distribution of partons (``intrinsic
k_T''). An energy dependent width of the transverse momentum distribution is
extracted from pion and charged hadron production data in
proton-proton/proton-antiproton collisions. Effects of multiscattering and
shadowing in the strongly interacting medium are taken into account.
Enhancement of the transverse momentum width is introduced and parameterized to
explain the Cronin effect. In collisions between heavy nuclei, the model
over-predicts central pion production cross sections (more significantly at
higher energies), hinting at the presence of jet quenching. Predictions are
made for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC energies.Comment: 26 pages in Latex, 19 EPS figure
Renormalon Ambiguities in NRQCD Operator Matrix Elements
We analyze the renormalon ambiguities that appear in factorization formulas
in QCD. Our analysis contains a simple argument that the ambiguities in the
short-distance coefficients and operator matrix elements are artifacts of
dimensional-regularization factorization schemes and are absent in cutoff
schemes. We also present a method for computing the renormalon ambiguities in
operator matrix elements and apply it to a computation of the ambiguities in
the matrix elements that appear in the NRQCD factorization formulas for the
annihilation decays of S-wave quarkonia. Our results, combined with those of
Braaten and Chen for the short-distance coefficients, provide an explicit
demonstration that the ambiguities cancel in the physical decay rates. In
addition, we analyze the renormalon ambiguities in the Gremm-Kapustin relation
and in various definitions of the heavy-quark mass.Comment: 29 pages, REVTEX; revised Abstract, Introduction, Summary, corrected
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