380 research outputs found
Accelerated ageing of electrolytes in Lithium-ion batteries: the point of view of a radiation chemist
International audienceSince the early nineties, the rechargeable Li-ion battery (LIB) technology has dominated the electronic market. These batteries have become essential components in portable electronic applications. Since then, ageing pro cesses are a growing global concern, essentially for their applications in electric and hybrid vehic1es. Ageing phenomena occurring in diethylcarbonate (DEC), DEC/LiPF propylene carbonate (PC) and PC/LiPF solutions, selected as model systems, have been studied using gamma-and pulse-radiolysis as a tool to generate similar species as the ones occurring in e1ectro1ysis of Li-ion batteries and to mimic the processes (Fig. 1). We prove that similar results were obtained in the ageing of an electrochemical cell filled with the same model solution. This highlights the interest of the radiolysis approach in the field of ageing of electrolytes. Radiolysis has indeed the following major advantages: i) ageing processes are strong1y accelerated (minutes/hours as compared to weeks and months in conventional battery studies); ii) time-resolved experiments are possible, enabling to study the system on multiple temporal scales (from picoseconds to minutes and days). This allows measuring rate constants, and writing very detailed reaction mechanisms; iii) the possibility to study the reactivity of each solvent without/with the salt (of course studies without the salt has no sense in the battery field!), leading to a very accurate understanding of the behavior of the system; iv) the possibility to perform a quick screening of many electrolytes, to identify rapidly the most promising ones. All these points will be discussed
Metastable and transient states of chemical ordering in Fe-V nanocrystalline alloys
Chemical ordering of the disordered alloys Fe0.78V0.22, Fe0.53V0.47, Fe0.39V0.61, and Fe0.37V0.63 was performed by annealing at temperatures from 723 to 973 K. The initial state of chemical disorder was produced by high-energy ball milling, and the evolution of order was measured by neutron diffractometry and by 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. The hyperfine magnetic field distributions obtained from the Mössbauer spectra provided quantitative measurements of the number of antisite Fe atoms in the partially ordered alloys. The long-range order parameters in steady state after long annealing times were used as states of metastable equilibrium for a generally successful comparison with the metastable Fe-V phase diagram calculated by Sanchez et al. [Phys. Rev. B 54, 8958 (1996)]. For the metastable equilibrium state of order in Fe0.53V0.47 at low temperatures, the order parameters were smaller than expected. This corresponded to an abundance of antisite atoms, which were not removed effectively by annealing at the lower temperatures
In an Ising model with spin-exchange dynamics damage always spreads
We investigate the spreading of damage in Ising models with Kawasaki
spin-exchange dynamics which conserves the magnetization. We first modify a
recent master equation approach to account for dynamic rules involving more
than a single site. We then derive an effective-field theory for damage
spreading in Ising models with Kawasaki spin-exchange dynamics and solve it for
a two-dimensional model on a honeycomb lattice. In contrast to the cases of
Glauber or heat-bath dynamics, we find that the damage always spreads and never
heals. In the long-time limit the average Hamming distance approaches that of
two uncorrelated systems. These results are verified by Monte-Carlo
simulations.Comment: 5 pages REVTeX, 4 EPS figures, final version as publishe
Extended Czjzek model applied to NMR parameter distributions in sodium metaphosphate glass
The Extended Czjzek Model (ECM) is applied to the distribution of NMR
parameters of a simple glass model (sodium metaphosphate, )
obtained by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Accurate NMR tensors, Electric
Field Gradient (EFG) and Chemical Shift Anisotropy (CSA), are calculated from
Density Functional Theory (DFT) within the well-established PAW/GIPAW
framework. Theoretical results are compared to experimental high-resolution
solid-state NMR data and are used to validate the considered structural model.
The distributions of the calculated coupling constant and
of the asymmetry parameter that characterize the quadrupolar
interaction are discussed in terms of structural considerations with the help
of a simple point charge model. Finally, the ECM analysis is shown to be
relevant for studying the distribution of CSA tensor parameters and gives new
insight into the structural characterization of disordered systems by
solid-state NMR.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures to be published in J. Phys.: Condens. Matte
Effect of time and storing conditions on iron forms in ferrous gluconate and Ascofer
Antianemic medicament Ascofer and ferrous gluconate, its basic iron bearing
ingredient, were studied with the use of Mossbauer spectroscopy. Room
temperature spectra gave a clear evidence that two phases of iron were present
viz. ferrous (Fe2+) as a major one with a contribution of 85+-5%, and ferric
(Fe3+) whose contribution was found to be 15+-5%. However, the actual values of
the contributions of the two kind of the iron ions in Ascofer depend on
sample's age: the abundance of Fe2+ ions increases with time by 10% after 51
months, while that of Fe3+ decreases by the same amount. This means that an
internal reduction of Fe3+ ions takes place. Ferrous ions were shown to occupy
at least two different sites. In Ascofer, the relative abundance of the two
sites does not depend on the age of sample, while in the gluconate the
population of site 1 increases and that of site 2 decreases with the age of the
sample.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure
Study of Alpha-Sigma Phase Transformation in Mechanically Alloyed Fe-Cr-Sn Alloys
The solubility of tin is significantly extended by mechanical alloying in near equiatomic Fe-Cr alloys. The influences of Sn concentration and of grain size on the kinetics of formation of the sigma-phase have been studied using different techniques. The sigma-phase formation is much faster for as-milled alloys than it is for conventional alloys. The sigma-phase formation rate decreases with the increase of Sn concentration in alloys with nanometer-sized grains as it does in coarse-grained alloys. The mechanisms which are responsible for the slowing-down of the alpha-sigma transformation are different in both kinds of alloys
Recent progress in the synthesis of imogolite and imogolite-like clay minerals. A focus on the sphree-tube transition
International audienceImogolite has been discovered more than 50 years ago in the weathering produc of volcanic soils in Japan. It has been quickly realjzed that imogoli lets a ubiquitous clay mineral which can be readly synthesized in the laborarory using ralber simple co-precipitation receipt
Spectral fluctuations of tridiagonal random matrices from the beta-Hermite ensemble
A time series delta(n), the fluctuation of the nth unfolded eigenvalue was
recently characterized for the classical Gaussian ensembles of NxN random
matrices (GOE, GUE, GSE). It is investigated here for the beta-Hermite ensemble
as a function of beta (zero or positive) by Monte Carlo simulations. The
fluctuation of delta(n) and the autocorrelation function vary logarithmically
with n for any beta>0 (1<<n<<N). The simple logarithmic behavior reported for
the higher-order moments of delta(n) for the GOE (beta=1) and the GUE (beta=2)
is valid for any positive beta and is accounted for by Gaussian distributions
whose variances depend linearly on ln(n). The 1/f noise previously demonstrated
for delta(n) series of the three Gaussian ensembles, is characterized by
wavelet analysis both as a function of beta and of N. When beta decreases from
1 to 0, for a given and large enough N, the evolution from a 1/f noise at
beta=1 to a 1/f^2 noise at beta=0 is heterogeneous with a ~1/f^2 noise at the
finest scales and a ~1/f noise at the coarsest ones. The range of scales in
which a ~1/f^2 noise predominates grows progressively when beta decreases.
Asymptotically, a 1/f^2 noise is found for beta=0 while a 1/f noise is the rule
for beta positive.Comment: 35 pages, 10 figures, corresponding author: G. Le Cae
On random flights with non-uniformly distributed directions
This paper deals with a new class of random flights defined in the real space characterized
by non-uniform probability distributions on the multidimensional sphere. These
random motions differ from similar models appeared in literature which take
directions according to the uniform law. The family of angular probability
distributions introduced in this paper depends on a parameter which
gives the level of drift of the motion. Furthermore, we assume that the number
of changes of direction performed by the random flight is fixed. The time
lengths between two consecutive changes of orientation have joint probability
distribution given by a Dirichlet density function.
The analysis of is not an easy task, because it
involves the calculation of integrals which are not always solvable. Therefore,
we analyze the random flight obtained as
projection onto the lower spaces of the original random
motion in . Then we get the probability distribution of
Although, in its general framework, the analysis of is very complicated, for some values of , we can provide
some results on the process. Indeed, for , we obtain the characteristic
function of the random flight moving in . Furthermore, by
inverting the characteristic function, we are able to give the analytic form
(up to some constants) of the probability distribution of Comment: 28 pages, 3 figure
- …