Understanding the fluxes of greenhouse gases in reservoirs under the inspiration of Margalef

Reservoirs are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), to the atmosphere. These systems receive and metabolize a larger amount of organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen from their watersheds than lakes, resulting in the production of CO2, CH4 and N2O. Despite their global relevance, there are still important uncertainties regarding the magnitude, variability and drivers of their emissions that undermine global estimates. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the origin of these emissions is required. Here, I investigate the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O and their concentrations in the water column of twelve Mediterranean reservoirs during the stratification and mixing periods to discern the main pathways involved in their production and the spatial and seasonal variability among these gases and their emissions and radiative forcing. Finally, I provide a theorical framework to understand GHG emissions as a response of reservoirs to eutrophication and external forcing. I integrate Margalef’s ideas about how eutrophication perturbs the biogeochemistry of inland waters with the main findings of my previous work to analyze how the C, N and P inputs from reservoir watersheds modify the biogeochemical cycling of C, N, P and O, and determine the production and emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. This perturbation effect is especially notable for CH4, and N2O emissions, which increase significantly in eutrophic waters, even exceeding the climate forcing of CO2. Therefore, emission of GHG should be seen as part of the reservoir response to the external forcing that displaces a fraction of the materials to the atmospheric boundaryMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (HERA project, grant no. CGL2014-52362-R)The Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (CRONOS project, RTI2018- 098849-B-I00) of SpainPhD fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (grant nos. FPU014/02917)CRONOS project at the University of Granada, and later from Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond (DFF, 1026-00428B) at the University of Southern DenmarkIberian Association of Limnology (AIL) for the award to the best Iberian thesis in the field of limnology 2021SIBECOL-AIL congres

Análisis del avance en productividad en la industria manufacturera mexicana, 1929-1944

Este trabajo de investigación analiza el crecimiento en la productividad total de los factores (PTF) durante el período 1929-1944 y su importancia como fuente de crecimiento en la industria manufacturera mexicana. El análisis se realiza a nivel sectorial. La tarea principal del trabajo se enfoca en la estimación del crecimiento de la PTF, lo cual se lleva a cabo utilizando la metodología de Harberger denominada Método de Dos Deflactores, y cuya principal característica es que la cantidad de información requerida para calcular el crecimiento de la PTF es mucho más manejable –comparado con métodos tradicionales–, además de ser un método robusto y fácil de aplicar. Adicionalmente, el trabajo presenta un análisis empírico para apoyar la tesis de que el avance en la productividad fue una de las causas principales del proceso de sustitución de importaciones y del crecimiento observado en la industria manufacturera durante el período 1929-1939.The paper analyzes total factor productivity (TFP) growth during the period 1929-1944 and its importance as a source of growth in Mexican manufacturing. The analysis of the industry is done at sector level. The paper task focuses on the estimation of TFP growth, and this is done using Harberger’s methodology named the Two Deflator Method (2D), whose main characteristic is the realization that the amount of information required to compute the TFP growth rate is much more manageable compared to traditional methods, besides being a very robust and easily applicable method. In addition, the paper presents an empirical analysis to support the thesis that total factor productivity advance was one of the main causes to explain import substitution and growth in manufacturing during the period 1929-1939.Publicad

P inputs determine denitrifier abundance explaining dissolved nitrous oxide in reservoirs

This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (HERA project, grant no. CGL2014‐52362‐R), and the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (CRONOS project, RTI2018‐098849‐B‐I00) of Spain to IR and RM‐B. Elizabeth León‐Palmero was supported by a PhD fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (grant nos. FPU014/02917), and a postdoctoral contract from CRONOS project, and later from Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond (DFF, 1026‐00428B) at SDU. This manuscript was improved through feedback from an anonymous reviewer, and Dr. Van Meter. Universidad de Granada/CBUA funded the open access of this article.Reservoirs are important sites for nitrogen processing, especially those located in agricultural and urban watersheds. Nitrogen inputs promote N2O production and emission, but the microbial pathways controlling N2O have been seldom studied in reservoir water columns. We determined N2O concentration in the water column of 12 reservoirs during the summer stratification and winter mixing. We explored the potential microbial sources and sinks of N2O by quantifying key genes involved in ammonia oxidation (bacterial and archaeal amoA) and denitrification (nirS and nosZ). Dissolved N2O varied up to three orders of magnitude (4.7–2441.2 nmol L−1) across systems, from undersaturated to supersaturated values (37%–24,174%) depending on reservoirs and depths. N2O concentration depended on nitrogen and oxygen availabilities, with the lowest and highest N2O values at suboxic conditions. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea dominated over ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but were not related to the dissolved N2O. In contrast, the abundance of the nirS gene was significantly related to N2O concentration, and three orders of magnitude higher than amoA abundance. Denitrifying bacteria appeared consistently in the water column of all reservoirs. The nirS and nosZ genes appeared in oxic and suboxic waters, but they were more abundant in suboxic waters. The nitrate concentration, and nirS and nosZ relative abundances explained the dissolved N2O. Besides, nirS abundance was related positively with total phosphorus and cumulative chlorophyll a, a proxy for fresh organic matter. Therefore, P inputs, not just N inputs, promoted N2O production by denitrification in the water column of reservoirs.Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond 1026‐00428BMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades RTI2018‐098849‐B‐I00Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL2014‐52362‐RMinisterio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte of Spain FPU014/02917SDUUniversidad de Granada/CBU

Greenhouse gas fluxes from reservoirs determined by watershed lithology, morphometry, and anthropogenic pressure

EL-P was supported by a PhD fellowship FPU (Formación del Profesorado Universitario: 014/02917) from the Ministry of Education, Culture y Sports. This research was also funded by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6109/UGR. We specially thank to Jesús Forja, Teodora Ortega and Ana Sierra for helping with gas chromatography analysis and Eulogio Corral Arredondo for sampling support.Human population growth has increased the demand for water and clean energy, leading to the massive construction of reservoirs. Reservoirs can emit greenhouse gases (GHG) affecting the atmospheric radiative budget. The radiative forcing due to CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions and the relative contribution of each GHG in terms of CO2 equivalents to the total forcing is practically unknown. We determined simultaneously the CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in reservoirs from diverse watersheds and under variable human pressure to cover the vast idiosyncrasy of temperate Mediterranean reservoirs. We obtained that GHG fluxes ranged more than three orders of magnitude. The reservoirs were sources of CO2 and N2O when the watershed lithology was mostly calcareous, and the crops and the urban areas dominated the landscape. By contrast, reservoirs were sinks of CO2 and N2O when the watershed lithology was predominantly siliceous, and the landscape had more than 40% of forestal coverage. All reservoirs were sources of CH4, and emissions were determined mostly by reservoir mean depth and water temperature. The radiative forcing was substantially higher during the stratification than during the mixing. During the stratification the radiative forcings ranged from 125 mg CO2 equivalents m−2 d−1 to 31 884 mg CO2 equivalents m−2 d−1 and were dominated by the CH4 emissions; whereas during the mixing the radiative forcings ranged from 29 mg CO2 equivalents m−2 d−1 to 722 mg CO2 equivalents m−2 d−1 and were dominated by CO2 emissions. The N2O contribution to the radiative forcing was minor except in one reservoir with a landscape dominated by crops and urban areas. Future construction of reservoirs should consider that siliceous bedrocks, forestal landscapes, and deep canyons could minimize their radiative forcings.This research was funded by the project HERA (CGL2014-52362-R) and CRONOS (RTI2018-098849-B-I00) to IR and RM-B of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, and the Modeling Nature Scientific Unit (UCE.PP2017.03) to IR co-financed with FEDER funds

Dissolved CH4 coupled to photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in oxic waters and to cumulative chlorophyll a in anoxic waters of reservoirs

Methane (CH4) emissions from reservoirs are responsible for most of the atmospheric climatic forcing of these aquatic ecosystems, comparable to emissions from paddies or biomass burning. Primarily, CH4 is produced during the anaerobic mineralization of organic carbon in anoxic sediments by methanogenic archaea. However, the origin of the recurrent and ubiquitous CH4 supersaturation in oxic waters (i.e., the methane paradox) is still controversial. Here, we determined the dissolved CH4 concentration in the water column of 12 reservoirs during summer stratification and winter mixing to explore CH4 sources in oxic waters. Reservoir sizes ranged from 1.18 to 26.13 km(2). We found that dissolved CH4 in the water column varied by up to 4 orders of magnitude (0.02-213.64 mu mol L-1), and all oxic depths were consistently supersaturated in both periods. Phytoplanktonic sources appear to determine the concentration of CH4 in these reservoirs primarily. In anoxic waters, the depth-cumulative chlorophyll a concentration, a proxy for the phytoplanktonic biomass exported to sediments, was correlated to CH4 concentration. In oxic waters, the photosynthetic picoeukaryotes' abundance was significantly correlated to the dissolved CH4 concentration during both the stratification and the mixing. The mean depth of the reservoirs, as a surrogate of the vertical CH4 transport from sediment to the oxic waters, also contributed notably to the CH4 concentration in oxic waters. Our findings suggest that photosynthetic picoeukaryotes can play a significant role in determining CH4 concentration in oxic waters, although their role as CH4 sources to explain the methane paradox has been poorly explored

Light attenuation in Southern Iberian Peninsula reservoirs

[EN] This study evaluates the extinction coefficient of light (Kd) and the Secchi disk depth (SD) in 12 reservoirs located in the southern Iberian Peninsula. These systems show differences in landscape, physical, chemical and trophic properties. The relationships found were analyzed to evaluate the utility of the SD as predictor of the photic zone (Zeu) measured with Kd.The, a new equation is proposed here as a better estimation for the photic zone in these reservoirs: Zeu (m)≈ 2·SD (m)+6. The influence of the chlorophyll-a, turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration on the water transparency is studied. Both DOC concentration and turbidity affect water transparency. Finally, the capacity of SD as a Kd predictor is also assessed.[ES] Este trabajo estudia de forma pareada los valores del coeficiente de extinción vertical de la luz (Kd) y de la profundidad de visión del disco de Secchi (SD) en un conjunto de 12 embalses del sureste de la Península Ibérica que difieren en sus características de paisaje, físicas, químicas y tróficas. Se analizan las relaciones encontradas para evaluar la utilidad del SD como predictor de la zona fótica (Zeu) calculada mediante Kd y se propone la expresión Zeu(m) ≈ 2·SD (m)+6 como una mejor estima de la zona fótica en estos embalses. Además se investiga la influencia de la clorofila-a, turbidez y carbono orgánico disuelto (DOC) sobre la transparencia del agua de los embalses. Tanto la concentración de DOC como la turbidez afectan a dichas propiedades. Finalmente, se analiza la capacidad de SD como predictor de Kd.La financiación para el presente trabajo fue obtenida del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, referencia: CGL2014-52362-R y fondos FEDER. E.L-P. cuenta con un contrato predoctoral de Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU014/02917). Los autores agradecen a los revisores los comentarios recibidos sobre el texto original al que han ayudado a mejorar.León-Palmero, E.; Reche, I.; Morales-Baquero, R. (2019). Atenuación de luz en embalses del sur-este de la Península Ibérica. Ingeniería del Agua. 23(1):65-75. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2019.10655SWORD6575231APHA. 1998. Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health AssociationBorowiak, D., Borowiak, M. 2016. Comparative studies of underwater light regimes in lakes of the East-Suwałki Lakeland. Limnological Review, 16(4), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1515/limre-2016-0019Canteras, J.C., Pérez, L., León, P., Lorda, T. 1999. Efecto de la radiación luminosa en la desaparición de Escherichia coli (T90) en medio acuático. Estudio experimental. Ingeniería del Agua, 6(3), 269-274. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1999.2791Carlson, R.E. 1977. A trophic index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361Devlin, M.J., Barry, J., Mills, D.K., Gowen, R.J., Foden, J., Sivyer, D., Greenwood, N., Pearce, D., Tett, P. 2009. Estimating the diffuse attenuation coefficient from optically active constituents in UK marine waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 82, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.12.015Dzieszko, P., Zwoliński, Z. 2015. Trophic diversity of Poznań Lakeland lakes. Limnological Review, 15(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.2478/limre-2015-0007French, R.H., Cooper, J.J., Vigg, S. 1982. Secchi disk relationships. Water Resources Bulletin, 18, 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb04538.xHolmes, R.W. 1970. The Secchi disk in turbid coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 15, 688-694. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1970.15.5.0688Koenings, J.P., Edmundson, J.A., 1991. Seechi disk and photometer estimates of light regimes in Alaskan lakes: effects of yellow color and turbidity. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.1.0091Ma, J., Song, K., Wen, Z., Zhao, Y., Shang, Y., Fang, C., Du, J. 2016. Spatial Distribution of Diffuse Attenuation of Photosynthetic Active Radiation and Its Main Regulating Factors in Inland Waters of Northeast China. Remote Sensing, 8, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110964Morales-Baquero, R., Conde-Porcuna, J., Pérez-Martínez, C., Cruz-Pizarro, L. 1991. Vertical light attenuation in four reservoirs of Genil River (Granada, Spain). Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD) (Q64, R9), 137-148.Morris, D.P., Zagarese, H., Williamson, C.E., Balseiro, E.G., Hargreaves, B.R., Modenutti, B., Moeller, R., Queimalinos, C. 1995. The attenuation of solar UV radiation in lakes and the role of dissolved organic carbon. Limnology and Oceanography, 40(8), 1381-1391. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.8.1381Poikane, S. 2009. Water Framework Directive.Intercalibration Technical Report. Part 2: Lakes. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxemburgo.Poole, H.H., Atkins,W.R. 1929. Photo-electric measurements of submarine illumination throughout the year. Journal of Marine Biological Association U.K. 16, 297-394. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400029829Prats-Rodríguez, J., Morales-Baquero, R., Dolz-Ripollés, J., Armengol-Bachero, J. 2014. Aportaciones de la limnología a la gestión de embalses. Ingeniería del Agua, 18(1), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2014.3145Rodríguez, J. 2016. Ecología. Pirámide. Madrid.Reche, I., Pace, M.L., Cole, J.J. 2000. Modeled Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Solar Spectra on Photobleaching in Lake Ecosystems. Ecosystems, 3, 419-432.Scully N.M., Lean, D.R.S. 1994. The attenuation of ultraviolet light in temperate lakes. Ergebnisse der Limnologie, 43,135-144.Tundisi, J.C., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. 2011. Limnology. CRC Press, Boca-Ratón.USA

Diversity and antimicrobial potential in sea anemone and holothurian microbiomes

Marine invertebrates, as holobionts, contain symbiotic bacteria that coevolve and develop antimicrobial substances. These symbiotic bacteria are an underexplored source of new bioactive molecules to face the emerging antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of bacteria retrieved from the microbiota of two sea anemones (Anemonia sulcata, Actinia equina) and two holothurians (Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria forskali). We tested the antimicrobial activity of the isolated bacteria against pathogens with interest for human health, agriculture and aquaculture. We isolated 27 strains with antibacterial activity and 12 of these isolates also showed antifungal activity. We taxonomically identified these strains being Bacillus and Vibrio species the most representative producers of antimicrobial substances. Microbiome species composition of the two sea anemones was similar between them but differed substantially of seawater bacteria. In contrast, microbiome species composition of the two holothurian species was different between them and in comparison with the bacteria in holothurian feces and seawater. In all the holobiont microbiomes Bacteroidetes was the predominant phylum. For each microbiome, we determined diversity and the rank-abundance dominance using five fitted models (null, preemption, log-Normal, Zipf and Zipf-Mandelbrot). The models with less evenness (i.e. Zipf and Zipf-Mandelblot) showed the best fits in all the microbiomes. Finally, we tracked (using the V4 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA gene) the relative abundance of these 27 isolates with antibacterial activity in the total pool of sequences obtained for the microbiome of each holobiont. Coincidences, although with extremely low frequencies, were detected only in the microbiome of H. forskali. This fact suggests that these isolated bacteria belong to the long tail of rare symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, more and more sophisticated culture techniques are necessary to explore this apparently vast pool of rare symbiontic bacteria and to determine their biotechnological potentiality.This work was supported by Campus de Excelencia Internacional BIOTIC (CEI Biotic) Universidad de Granada, http://biotic.ugr.es, Grant PBS46. iMare Natural S.L. provided support in the form of salaries for author PAA, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the `author contributions' section

Warming and CO2 effects under oligotrophication on temperate phytoplankton 2 communities

Eutrophication, global warming, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are the three most prevalent pressures impacting the biosphere. Despite their individual effects are well-known, it remains untested how oligotrophication (i.e. nutrients reduction) can alter the planktonic community responses to warming and elevated CO2 levels. Here, we performed an indoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the warming×CO2 interaction under a nutrient reduction scenario (40%) mediated by an in-lake management strategy (i.e. addition of a commercial solid-phase phosphorus sorbent - Phoslock®) on a natural freshwater plankton community. Biomass production increased under warming×CO2 relative to present-day conditions; however, a Phoslock® -mediated oligotrophication reduced such values by 30-70%. Conversely, the warming×CO2×oligotrophication interaction stimulated the photosynthesis by 20% compared to ambient nutrient conditions, and matched with higher resource use efficiency (RUE) and nutrient demand. Surprisingly, at a group level, we found that the multi-stressors scenario increased the photosynthesis in eukaryotes by 25%, but greatly impaired in cyanobacteria (ca. -25%). This higher cyanobacterial sensitivity was coupled with a reduced light harvesting efficiency and compensation point. Since Phoslock® -induced oligotrophication unmasked a strong negative warming×CO2 effect on cyanobacteria, it becomes crucial to understand how the interplay between climate change and nutrient abatement actions may alter the, ecosystems functioning. With an integrative understanding of these processes, policy makers will design more appropriate management strategies to improve the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems without compromising their ecological attributes and functioning

Warming and CO2 effects under oligotrophication on temperate phytoplankton 2 communities

Eutrophication, global warming, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are the three most prevalent pressures impacting the biosphere. Despite their individual effects are well-known, it remains untested how oligotrophication (i.e. nutrients reduction) can alter the planktonic community responses to warming and elevated CO2 levels. Here, we performed an indoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the warming×CO2 interaction under a nutrient reduction scenario (40%) mediated by an in-lake management strategy (i.e. addition of a commercial solid-phase phosphorus sorbent - Phoslock®) on a natural freshwater plankton community. Biomass production increased under warming×CO2 relative to present-day conditions; however, a Phoslock® -mediated oligotrophication reduced such values by 30-70%. Conversely, the warming×CO2×oligotrophication interaction stimulated the photosynthesis by 20% compared to ambient nutrient conditions, and matched with higher resource use efficiency (RUE) and nutrient demand. Surprisingly, at a group level, we found that the multi-stressors scenario increased the photosynthesis in eukaryotes by 25%, but greatly impaired in cyanobacteria (ca. -25%). This higher cyanobacterial sensitivity was coupled with a reduced light harvesting efficiency and compensation point. Since Phoslock® -induced oligotrophication unmasked a strong negative warming×CO2 effect on cyanobacteria, it becomes crucial to understand how the interplay between climate change and nutrient abatement actions may alter the, ecosystems functioning. With an integrative understanding of these processes, policy makers will design more appropriate management strategies to improve the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems without compromising their ecological attributes and functioning

Influence of a Functional Nutrients-Enriched Infant Formula on Language Development in Healthy Children at Four Years Old

Nutrition during early life is essential for brain development and establishes the basis for cognitive and language skills development. It is well established that breastfeeding, compared to formula feeding, has been traditionally associated with increased neurodevelopmental scores up to early adulthood. We analyzed the long-term effects of a new infant formula enriched with bioactive compounds on healthy children’s language development at four years old. In a randomized double-blind COGNIS study, 122 children attended the follow-up call at four years. From them, 89 children were fed a standard infant formula (SF, n = 46) or an experimental infant formula enriched with functional nutrients (EF, n = 43) during their first 18 months of life. As a reference group, 33 exclusively breastfed (BF) were included. Language development was assessed using the Oral Language Task of Navarra-Revised (PLON-R). ANCOVA, chi-square test, and logistic regression models were performed. EF children seemed to show higher scores in use of language and oral spontaneous expression than SF children, and both SF and EF groups did not differ from the BF group. Moreover, it seems that SF children were more frequently categorized into “need to improve and delayed” in the use of language than EF children, and might more frequently present “need to improve and delayed” in the PLON-R total score than BF children. Finally, the results suggest that SF children presented a higher risk of suffering language development than BF children. Secondary analysis also showed a slight trend between low socioeconomic status and poorer language skills. The functional compound-enriched infant formula seems to be associated with beneficial long-term effects in the development of child’s language at four years old in a similar way to breastfed infants.This project has been funded by Ordesa Laboratories, S.L. Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 3349 and SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 4003, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness; funded in part by HORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project (GA No.633595). Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena has been granted with a scholarship from Fundación Carolina, Madrid, Spai