The Zn-finger transcription factor ZAT12 : a molecular link between iron deficinecy responses and oxidative stress

Plants grown under conditions where iron is poorly available induce a set of genes which enhance the efficiency of its uptake by the roots. A central regulator of this response in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FIT whose activity is tightly regulated. We identified the oxidative stress-responsive zinc finger transcription factor ZAT12 in an attempt to find a link between iron deficiency responses and oxidative stress. ZAT12, whose expression is upregulated by several stresses like oxidative, cold and heat stresses etc., contains an EAR motif and is thought to function as a repressor of gene expression. Using yeast-two-hybrid assay, we demonstrate that the EAR motif is necessary for the interaction between FIT and ZAT12. Expression of the FIT gene was upregulated in zat12 loss-of-function plants. In addition, these plants accumulated higher amount of iron compared to the wild type. We generated transgenic plants expressing ZAT12 protein fused to GFP driven by the ZAT12 upstream DNA sequence. GFP fluorescence was detected in Arabidopsis roots, where it could be observed in the nuclei. Abundance of this protein was elevated upon iron deficiency, H2O2 and MG132 treatment. We conclude that ZAT12 links iron deficiency and oxidative stress responses through direct interaction with and negative regulation of FIT.Wenn Pflanzen unter Bedingungen wachsen, bei denen Eisen nur gering verfügbar ist, induzieren sie ein Set von Genen, die die Effizienz der Eisenaufnahme durch die Wurzel steigern. Ein zentraler Regulator dieser Antwort in der Modellpflanze Ackerschmalwand (Arabidopsis thaliana) ist der basische Helix-Loop-Helix-Transkriptionsfaktor FIT, dessen Aktivität eng reguliert ist. Im Versuch, eine Verbindung zwischen den Antworten auf Eisenmangel und oxidativen Stress zu finden, haben wir den Zinkfinger-Transkriptionsfaktor ZAT12 identifiziert, dessen Expression durch verschiedene Stresse wie oxidativem Stress, Kälte- oder Hitzestress hochreguliert wird. ZAT12 enthält ein EAR-Motiv und wirkt vermutlich als Repressor der Genexpression. In einem Yeast-Two-Hybrid-Assay konnten wir zeigen, dass das EAR-Motiv für die Interaktion zwischen FIT und ZAT12 erforderlich ist. Die Expression des FIT-Gens wurde in zat12-Loss-of-Function-Pflanzen hochreguliert. Außerdem akkumulierten diese Pflanzen mehr Eisen als der Wildtyp. Wir haben transgene Pflanzen generiert, die unter der Kontrolle der ZAT12-Promotors ein ZAT12- GFP-Fusionsprotein exprimieren. GFP-Fluoreszenz wurde in den Zellkernen von Arabidopsis-Wurzeln detektiert. Die Menge dieses Proteins war sowohl unter Eisenmangel als auch unter H2O2- und MG132-Behandlung erhöht. Daraus folgern wir, dass ZAT12 Antworten auf Eisenmangel und oxidativen Stress durch direkte Interaktion mit FIT und dessen negative Regulation verbindet

Soybean yield, seed quality and thresh efficiency by mechanisation at different harvesting stages and postharvest ripening

This study determined the most appropriate and earliest soybean harvesting stage and the number of days of postharvest ripening with minimal effects on seed losses and quality when mechanical harvest and threshing were applied. Harvesting stages at four physiological maturities (60, 70, 80, and 90%) and various days of postharvest ripening treatment (1, 2, and 3 days) were applied for two soybean varieties DT12 and DT26. Harvesting at physiological maturity of 90% recorded the highest seed-shattering loss but the least seed damage (<5%) and highest seed quality, followed by a physiological maturity of 80%. There were no significant differences in seed yields between harvesting stages of 80 and 90% maturity. Harvesting soybeans at a physiological maturity of 60 and 70% resulted in no seed losses but a significant reduction in seed quality. To avoid adverse weather, an early harvest stage at a physiological maturity of 80% is suggested. Although postharvest ripening of soybeans for early harvest caused seed shattering losses (2-5%), it was necessary to ensure seed quality. These results indicate effective and practical methods for farmers at small households to use in early mechanical harvesting of soybeans

Der Zinkfinger-Transkriptionsfaktor ZAT12 : ein molekulares Bindeglied zwischen Eisenmangel-Antwort und oxidativem Stress

Plants grown under conditions where iron is poorly available induce a set of genes which enhance the efficiency of its uptake by the roots. A central regulator of this response in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FIT whose activity is tightly regulated. We identified the oxidative stress-responsive zinc finger transcription factor ZAT12 in an attempt to find a link between iron deficiency responses and oxidative stress. ZAT12, whose expression is upregulated by several stresses like oxidative, cold and heat stresses etc., contains an EAR motif and is thought to function as a repressor of gene expression. Using yeast-two-hybrid assay, we demonstrate that the EAR motif is necessary for the interaction between FIT and ZAT12. Expression of the FIT gene was upregulated in zat12 loss-of-function plants. In addition, these plants accumulated higher amount of iron compared to the wild type. We generated transgenic plants expressing ZAT12 protein fused to GFP driven by the ZAT12 upstream DNA sequence. GFP fluorescence was detected in Arabidopsis roots, where it could be observed in the nuclei. Abundance of this protein was elevated upon iron deficiency, H2O2 and MG132 treatment. We conclude that ZAT12 links iron deficiency and oxidative stress responses through direct interaction with and negative regulation of FIT.Wenn Pflanzen unter Bedingungen wachsen, bei denen Eisen nur gering verfügbar ist, induzieren sie ein Set von Genen, die die Effizienz der Eisenaufnahme durch die Wurzel steigern. Ein zentraler Regulator dieser Antwort in der Modellpflanze Ackerschmalwand (Arabidopsis thaliana) ist der basische Helix-Loop-Helix-Transkriptionsfaktor FIT, dessen Aktivität eng reguliert ist. Im Versuch, eine Verbindung zwischen den Antworten auf Eisenmangel und oxidativen Stress zu finden, haben wir den Zinkfinger-Transkriptionsfaktor ZAT12 identifiziert, dessen Expression durch verschiedene Stresse wie oxidativem Stress, Kälte- oder Hitzestress hochreguliert wird. ZAT12 enthält ein EAR-Motiv und wirkt vermutlich als Repressor der Genexpression. In einem Yeast-Two-Hybrid-Assay konnten wir zeigen, dass das EAR-Motiv für die Interaktion zwischen FIT und ZAT12 erforderlich ist. Die Expression des FIT-Gens wurde in zat12-Loss-of-Function-Pflanzen hochreguliert. Außerdem akkumulierten diese Pflanzen mehr Eisen als der Wildtyp. Wir haben transgene Pflanzen generiert, die unter der Kontrolle der ZAT12-Promotors ein ZAT12- GFP-Fusionsprotein exprimieren. GFP-Fluoreszenz wurde in den Zellkernen von Arabidopsis-Wurzeln detektiert. Die Menge dieses Proteins war sowohl unter Eisenmangel als auch unter H2O2- und MG132-Behandlung erhöht. Daraus folgern wir, dass ZAT12 Antworten auf Eisenmangel und oxidativen Stress durch direkte Interaktion mit FIT und dessen negative Regulation verbindet

Relative Changes in Growth and Recovery Responses of Rice to Fe-Toxicity at Different Growth Stages

Fe-toxicity is a critical and complicated constraint to rice growth that requires simple and quick screening methods for selection of tolerant rice to Fe-stress. This study revealed relative changes in the growth and recovery of rice responding to Fe-toxicity at germination and vegetative stages. Two rice cultivars were exposed to iron concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm at the germination stage and Fe–treatment of 50 – 100 and 100 – 200 ppm at the vegetative stage. Increasing Fe-toxicity reduced germination rates, seedling height, length and number of seedling roots. However, relative reduction to control in seedling height and root length at germination could be more dependable to check genotypes tolerant to Fe stress than other parameters. Growth characteristics measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24-day excess Fe indicated that plant height, number of tillers, and leaves were kept slightly relative increasing to control until 18-day and 12-day, respectively. In contrast, root length and root number decreased as soon as plants were exposed to Fe-stress. Relative decrease in growth to control increased with higher iron concentration and longer exposure time. Plants exhibited ability to recover after 24-day under stress with relative increase to the point before stress relieving from 3 – 12% for plant height, 1-11% for tiller number, and 7-19% for root number. There were significant differences between two cultivars for relative changes in growth and recovery parameters, suggesting a simple and efficient method, and suitable growth parameters for evaluating and selecting tolerant genotypes to Fe-stress at germination and vegetative stages

sj-doc-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231201037 - Supplemental material for Synthesis and Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Pyrano[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231201037 for Synthesis and Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines by Nguyen Ha Thanh, Nguyen Thi Quynh Giang, Nguyen Van Ha, Hoang Thi Phuong, Le Nhat Thuy Giang, Nguyen Tuan Anh, Ba Thi Cham, Le Duc Huy, Dang Thi Tuyet Anh, Phan Van Kiem and Nguyen Van Tuyen in Natural Product Communications</p

Eggshell powder as calcium source on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

ABSTRACTThe use of eggshells as an alternative source of calcium carbonate for groundnut can reduce the impact on the natural reserves of limestone, a non-renewable natural source. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eggshell powder application on the growth and yield of groundnut. The calcium treatments were lime application (A0) at 500 kg ha−1 and four rates of eggshell powder application including A1 (200 kg ha−1), A2 (300 kg ha−1), A3 (400 kg ha−1), and A4 (500 kg ha−1). Two application times, T1 (applying 5-days before sowing) and T2 (applying 5-days after flowering) were employed. The result showed that eggshell powder could be a useful alternative source to supply Ca for groundnut. Application of eggshell powder before sowing resulted in significantly higher pod yield and total calcium uptake with better growth parameters than after flowering. Increasing eggshell powder application rates also increased soil pH and calcium contents, and plant calcium uptake. The application rate of eggshell powder before sowing at the rate of 300 kg ha−1 produced the highest pod yield and was suggested to be optimum