Visoko obrazovanje i jednakost mogućnosti: pregled najnovijih usporednih nacionalnih istraživanja

Rising costs of education at the start of the 21st century seem to indicate a stark shift in education policies, which raises several important questions. The author shows that from the United States to East Asia and Australia – seemingly everywhere – higher education policy is headed in the same direction. The movement to broaden access to public universities, the dominant strategy during the 1970s and 1980s, has largely shifted to enable the marketplace, rather than the government, to shape the contours of higher education. Government funding is being reduced, affirmative action and other programs designed to insure broader access are in decline, and personal fulfilment is replacing a public good designed to insure greater equality of opportunity. The author describes how this sea of change in higher education has played out in economically developed and developing countries. In trying to provide the answer to the above-mentioned development, the author raises the question related to the consequences of a market-driven higher education for student access, teaching and scholarship.Čini se da su sve veći troškovi obrazovanja na početku 21. stoljeća označili oštar zaokret u obrazovnim politikama, koji otvara niz značajnih pitanja. Autor pokazuje da se politika visokog obrazovanja praktično svugdje, od Sjedinjenih Država preko Istočne Azije do Australije, kreće zapravo u istom smjeru. Naime pokret za proširenjem dostupnosti obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima, dominantna strategija koja je bila na djelu 1970-ih i 1980-ih godina, uglavnom je promijenjen kako bi se snagama tržišta, a ne vladi, dopustilo da oblikuju konture visokog obrazovanja. Autor opisuje na koji se način niz promjena u visokom obrazovanju odvijao u ekonomski razvijenim, za razliku od nerazvijenih zemalja. U nastojanju da pruži odgovor na prethodno spomenute procese autor postavlja niz pitanja vezanih uz posljedice trendova u visokom obrazovanju prouzročene djelovanjem tržišnih snaga, poput pitanja dostupnosti visokog obrazovanja, odvijanja nastave i stipendiranja studenata

"Freedom of Choice": Israeli Efforts to Prevent Soviet Jewish �migrés to Resettle in the United States

Beginning in 1967 the Soviet Union allowed some Jewish citizens to leave for family reunification in Israel (see >Appendix). Due to the break in diplomatic relations between Israel and the U.S.S.R., most émigrés traveled to Vienna where they were then flown to Israel. After 1976 the majority of émigrés who left on visas for Israel "dropped out" in Vienna and chose to resettle in the West. Several American Jewish organizations facilitated their obtaining visas and being resettled in the United States and other countries. This article examines efforts by Israel to deny Soviet Jewish émigrés the option of resettling in the United States. Israeli officials pressured American Jewish organizations to desist from aiding Russian Jews who wanted to resettle in the United States. Initially American Jews resisted Israeli efforts. Following Gorbachev's decision in the late 1980s to allow free emigration for Soviet Jews, the American Jewish community agreed to a quota on Soviet Jewish refugees in the United States, which resulted in most Soviet Jewish émigrés to Israel. The article uses the case study to explore efforts by American Jews and Israel to influence American refugee policy in the 1970s and 1980s. It provides insights into ethnic politics as well as "sponsored politics," whereby Israel used the American Jewish community to further its interests in the making of United States foreign policy. It also deals with the issue of human rights and migration. While no migrant has the right to go to a country of his or her choice, Israel did deny some émigrés the right to exercise freedom of movement to other countries who welcomed them as refugees. Copyright 2006 by The Policy Studies Organization.