A Posteriori Error Estimates for Nonconforming Approximations of Evolutionary Convection-Diffusion Problems

We derive computable upper bounds for the difference between an exact solution of the evolutionary convection-diffusion problem and an approximation of this solution. The estimates are obtained by certain transformations of the integral identity that defines the generalized solution. These estimates depend on neither special properties of the exact solution nor its approximation, and involve only global constants coming from embedding inequalities. The estimates are first derived for functions in the corresponding energy space, and then possible extensions to classes of piecewise continuous approximations are discussed.Comment: 10 page

PROSTAGLANDINS AS AN INFORMATION MEANS CONCERNING THE VITAL CHARACTER AND DURATION OF SKIN INJURIES

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Kondo Insulator description of spin state transition in FeSb2

The thermal expansion and heat capacity of FeSb2 at ambient pressure agrees with a picture of a temperature induced spin state transition within the Fe t_{2g} multiplet. However, high pressure powder diffraction data show no sign of a structural phase transition up to 7GPa. A bulk modulus B=84(3)GPa has been extracted and the temperature dependence of the Gruneisen parameter has been determined. We discuss here the relevance of a Kondo insulator description for this material.Comment: Physical Review B in press (2005

Variations in the squamous part of the occipital bone in medieval and contemporary cranial series from Bulgaria

The squamous part of the occipital bone is a place of many different variations. They are a result of faulty ossification in the occipital squama or due to the presence of sutural bones in the lambda region. As their differentiation is intricate because of the various criteria used, the issue of their recognition in the adult skull still remains difficult even though they can be clearly distinguished at a younger age. The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency of interparietal, preinterparietal and sutural bones in the lambda region in medieval male and female cranial series as well as between medieval and contemporary male series from Bulgaria. We also discuss the development of the occipital squama in order to set clearer criteria for further differentiation of such variations in the adult skull. In the reviewed 3 cranial series, the variations in the squamous portion of the occipital bone were observed with a low frequency. The incidence of preinterparietal bones was more common than the interparietal ones. The sutural bones in the lambda region were numerous in the series. No statistically significant sex or intergroup differences were established. So even if these anatomical variations are relatively rare, the understanding of them is of significance for many disciplines like anthropology, comparative and developmental anatomy, clinical and forensic medicine.

Magnetic domain-wall creep driven by field and current in Ta/CoFeB/MgO

Creep motion of magnetic domain wall (DW), thermally activated DW dynamics under subthreshold driving forces, is a paradigm to understand the interaction between driven interfaces and applied external forces. Previous investigation has shown that DW in a metallic system interacts differently with current and magnetic field, manifesting itself as different universality classes for the creep motion. In this article, we first review the experimental determination of the universality classes for current- and field-driven DW creeps in a Ta/CoFeB/MgO wire, and then elucidate the underlying factors governing the obtained results. We show that the nature of torque arising from current in association with DW configuration determines universality class for the current-induced creep in this system. We also discuss the correlation between the field-induced DW creep characteristics and structure observed by a transmission electron microscope. The observed results are expected to provide a deeper understanding for physics of DW motion in various magnetic materials

Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Bulgarian adults: relation to sex, body mass index and bilateral asymmetry

Background: The aim of the study is to measure the facial soft tissue thicknesses (STTs) in Bulgarians, to evaluate the relation of the STTs to the nutritional status, sex and bilateral asymmetry, and to examine the correlations between the separate STTs as well as between the STTs and body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). In the present study, the facial STTs were measured on computed tomography scans of the head of Bulgarian adults. Materials and methods: The STTs were measured at 7 midline and 9 bilateral landmarks. The measurements were performed in the free software InVesalius in the axial and sagittal planes. The mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, median and coefficient of variation were reported for the STT at each landmark according to the sex and BMI category. The BMI, sex and bilateral differences were assessed for statistical significance. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to assess the strength and direction of the relationships between the STTs and body height, weight and BMI, as well as between separate STTs. Results and Conclusions: The facial soft tissues in Bulgarian adults changed in accordance with the nutritional status of the individual and in both sexes all STTs augmented with the increasing BMI. For both normal and overweight BMI categories, males had more soft tissue at the majority of facial points than females, as the only exceptions were observed in the cheek zone, where STTs were thicker in females. Significant bilateral differences were observed in either sex and BMI category. Stronger correlations were established for the STTs in the jaw region and between the cheek and jaw soft tissues. Besides, the correlations between the homologous bilateral landmarks were among the strongest ones

Immediate-functional loading concept with one-piece implants (beces/becesn/kos/boi) in the mandible and maxilla- a multi-center retrospective clinical study

BACKGROUND Immediate functional loading is a hot topic in dental implantology. The use of conventional dental implants has proven to be successful for very few techniques and if enough jaw bone is present. In this study we report about the outcomes of treatments using the technology of the Strategic Implant (R) in specialized clinics without any patient selection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presently used protocol for immediate functional loading (within max. 3 days) of single piece implants which are placed according to the following principles- Axial implants with 2nd cortical anchorage (BECES (R)/BECES (R) N/BCS (R)), Lateral implants with dual mode of integration and cortical anchorage in horizontal direction (BOI (R)), Single piece compression screw implants (KOS/KOC) with conical endosseous implant body. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included totally 394 patients who were treated with 4570 immediately loaded single piece implants (BECES (R) or BECES N (R), BCS (R), BOI (R) BBBS/BAST and KOC (R) Strategic Implant (R), all obtained from Simpladent GmbH, Switzerland, Manufacturer: Dr. Ihde Dental AG) supporting fixed complete-arch maxillary or mandibular metal-acrylic prostheses, or metal-ceramic bridges or segment reconstructions in both jaws. Furthermore, 26 implants for single tooth replacement were inserted during the study period and 90 (2.0%) single tooth on more than one implant reconstruction have been used, as shown in Table 1. The patients were asked to return for follow up examinations at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postoperatively. Radiographic assessment of: The marginal bone level, The integration of the load transmitting parts of the implants, The healing of sockets containing vertical implant parts, were performed after at least 1 year in function for all patients. Furthermore The reliability of possible target corticals The survival of bent and unbent implants, and the The survival of implants in fresh extraction sockets and healed bone were determined. RESULTS Immediate functional loading of using multiple, cortically anchored Strategic Implant (R) as a support for fixed full-arch and segment prosthesis in the upper and lower jaw demonstrated a high cumulative implant survival rate (95.7%) after an average observation period of 18.93+8.41 months. The success rate of the individual implant depends on the target cortical in which it is anchored. Bent implants showed a better survival rate compared to non-bent implants, 98.5% vs 94.5%, (p=0.003). Basal screw implant showed a similar survival rate as compressive screw implants. Combination implants (KOS plus) showed a significantly lower survival rate. BOI implant showed the highest possible survival rate, however the number of implants was low compared to other types observed in this study. Clinical Significance- Immediate functional loading of single piece dental implants has become an accepted treatment modality for fixed restorations in totally edentulous mandibles and in edentulous maxillae. Nevertheless, studies regarding immediate loading procedures in extraction sites in both jaws, as well as in segment reconstructions and single teeth replacements, are limited. From the results of this study it can be concluded, that The concept of treating edentulous "osseo-fixation" anchoring basal implants in the 2nd cortical (instead of trying to achieve "osseo-integration" in the 1st cortical and the underlying spongy bone) leads to a high success rate and allows functional immediate loading. The results of the study are limited (although the sample size is enormous compared to other published studies in dental implantology) when it comes to determining if age, gender, smoking and generalized diseases or combinations thereof, and this is due to the very low complication rate of the treatment observed. CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that treatments with the technology of the Strategic Implant (R) give good results both in the edentulous and partly dentulous maxilla and mandible as well as for single tooth replacement. Furthermore, these implants may be placed into fresh extraction sockets almost with the same success as in healed bone. Bending of the implant necks rather increases the chances of survival for these implants. The survival of the individual implant depends on the chosen target cortical (2nd/3rd cortical) more than on anything else