LA REPONSE DE LA DECENTRALISATION FACE A LA DEMANDE SOCIALE : LE CAS DES INVESTISSEMENTS COMMUNAUX A TAABO DE 1995 A 2011 (Côte d'Ivoire)

Since 1995, the elected representatives are the main actors of the local development to Taabo. The mayors who followed one another began (undertook) investments in diverse domains : town planning and housing environment, education public road network (garbage dump)and networks miscellaneous, health, purification and healthiness, the economic domain, etc. However, these investments are far from satisfying the population. The deficit of communication between elected representatives and population is the main cause. The consequences are thus enormous in the implementation of the decentralization to Taabo.Depuis 1995, les élus sont les principaux acteurs du développement local à Taabo. Les Maires qui se sont succédé ont entrepris des investissements dans divers domaines : urbanisme et habitat, éducation, voirie et réseaux divers, santé, assainissement et la salubrité, le domaine économique, etc. Toutefois, ces investissements sont loin de satisfaire la population. Le déficit de communication entre élus et population en est la principale cause. Les conséquences sont donc énormes dans la mise en œuvre de la décentralisation à Taabo.

IMPACT DES INVESTISSEMENTS COMMUNAUX DANS LA DYNAMIQUE DU DEVELOPPEMENT LOCAL A ALEPE

Since 1980, municipalities are in the center of decentralization policy in Côte d'Ivoire. More than thirty years later, the elected representatives are still in search of strategy to satisfy needs for the populations. In spite of the difficulties of financing, investments were realized. These boosted the local development to Alépé through the metamorphosis of the urban landscape, the dynamism of economic activities, the increase of infrastructures and equipments, etc. But, they do not take into account concerns of the populations. Where from their disappointment.Depuis 1980, les communes ivoiriennes sont au centre de la décentralisation. Plus de trente ans après, les élus sont encore à la recherche de stratégie pour satisfaire les besoins des populations. Malgré les difficultés de financement, des investissements ont été réalisés. Ceux-ci ont boosté le développement local à Alépé à travers la métamorphose du paysage urbain, le dynamisme des activités économiques, l'augmentation des infrastructures et équipements, etc. Mais, ils ne tiennent pas compte des préoccupations des populations. D'où leur déception

Les Entraves au Développement des Villes en Côte d’Ivoire : Cas de la Ville de Sassandra (sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)

The city of Sassandra, is located in the southwest of Ivory Coast. It constitutes the strategic pole of the redeployment of national agricultural production. However, the city facestremendous difficultiesto which are added the specific problems related to its site and the particular configuration of its territory. The present study proposes to analyze the obstacles to the development of the city. To achieve this objective, the methodology used is documentary analysis, direct field observation and interviews with development actors. The study reveals that the constraints to development are natural and financial. The site of the city does not facilitate the spatial spread of the city. The weakness of communal taxes, the instability of the State's endowments and the centralization of the tax chain are the main economic difficulties of this city. La ville de Sassandra, est située au sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. Elle constitue le pôle stratégique du redéploiement de production agricole nationale. Cependant, la ville est confrontée à d’énormes difficultés auxquelles s’ajoutent les problèmes spécifiques liés à son site et à la configuration particulière de son territoire. La présente étude se propose d’analyser les entraves au développement de la ville. Pour atteindre cet objectif la méthodologie utilisée est l’analyse documentaire, l’observation directe de terrain et les entretiens avec les acteurs de développement. L’étude révèle que les contraintes au développement sont d’ordres naturels et financiers. Le site de la ville ne facilite pas l’étalement spatial de la ville. La faiblesse des taxes communales, l’instabilité des dotations de l’État et la centralisation de la chaine fiscale sont les principales difficultés économiques de cette ville

L’IMPACT DE L’ELECTRIFICATION EN MILIEU RURAL DANS LA REGION DE L’AGNEBY

Electrification is a collective supply that modernizes rural areas. It favours quantitative and qualitative building development of the villages. It creates basis socioeconomic supplies too. Electrification brought about economic supplies in the Agnéby rural area. It also permits liveliness and economic development in the villages. The biggest villages in the Agnéby are more equipped than the smallest ones. This imbalance is due to the population number and the civil servants’ activities who invest more in the building domain. Electrification facilitates also rural population and thank to the comfort, security, well-being and education that it offers. It is supply which brings about economic activities that help rural population, above all housewives to get out of poverty by practising retail trade. This type of trade is the most profitable economic activity in these villages

IMPACT POLITIQUE ET TERRITORIAL DE LA ROUTE BITUMÉE BONDOUKOU-BOUNA AU NORD-EST DE LA CÔTE D’IVOIRE

The weakness of the public investments in the north-east of Côte d'Ivoire has made this region the most deprived and marginalized area of the country. Isolated from the other part of the country, the north-eastern, especially the region of Bouna is regarded as no man's land, a penitentiary, a prison for the recalcitrant civil servants. Due to the numerous problems of development faced, the region differed completely from the other regions of the country. The populations of this area had feeling that they were not member of the nation in construction. But, since 1997, when the government has tarred the road from Bondoukou to Bouna, the population’s feeling of being member of the nation has increased. From them, this tarred road is an evidence of their citizenship. It has not only reinforced their feeling of being member of the nation but it has also permitted to bring local governance to the doorsteps of the people and enhance decentralization process in the region. It is a political road, a road of national unity, food security and economic defence road in that political context influenced by the concept of " ivoirité "

L’ECOLE, UN OUTIL D’URBANISATION EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE A TRAVERS LES CAS D’ABIDJAN ET DE YAMOUSSOUKRO

The school in the cities of Abidjan and Yamoussoukro, through schools and universities, has in recent years considerable changes both quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes have an impact at all levels, particularly in the urban dynamics of these cities. In Abidjan and Yamoussoukro, the school, through schools and universities, is one of several facilities that have a large spatial extent in the urban dynamics of these cities. Also, these schools and universities participate in change and habitat alteration in these cities. Therefore, the school is important equipment that contributes to habitat change and the urban landscape of the cities of Abidjan and Yamoussoukro. The school, through schools and universities, is presented as a precursor'' significant changes'' [Dhaher, N., 2009], the dynamics of urban development in the cities of Abidjan and Yamoussoukro

Décentralisation et Développement local : Impact des investissements communaux dans la dynamique du développement à Alépé de 1980 à 2011

International audienceSince 1980, municipalities are in the center of decentralization policy in Côte d’Ivoire. More than thirty years later, the elected representatives are still in search of strategy to satisfy needs for the populations in spite of the municipal investments realized. These boosted the local development to Alépé through the metamorphosis of the urban landscape, the dynamism of economic activities, the increase of infrastructures and équipments, etc. But, they do not take into account concerns of the populations. Where from their disappointment.Depuis 1980, les communes ivoiriennes sont au centre de la décentralisation. Plus de trente ans après, les élus sont encore à la recherche de stratégie pour satisfaire les besoins des populations malgré les investissements communaux réalisés. Ceux-ci ont boosté le développement local à Alépé à travers la métamorphose du paysage urbain, le dynamisme des activités économiques, l'augmentation des infrastructures et équipements, etc. Mais, ils ne tiennent pas compte des préoccupations des populations. D'où leur déception

Dynamique forestière et pression urbaine dans le Parc national du Banco (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

Since 1960s, the Ivorian government care about his forest conservation. Thus, the Ivory Coast has set up a network of protected areas to conserve its forests and biodiversity. Located in Abidjan, the Banco National Park (PNB) and its periphery face a deeply environment changes in recent decades. This research aims to describe and analyze the various threats to urban pressure, including the risks of deforestation and pollution around and inside the PNB. To achieve these objectives, the analysis of the land cover and vegetation change help to understand the environmental dynamics of the Banco forest. The inventory and mapping of the types of risk and their impact on PNB enable to show the most vulnerable areas due to anthropogenic pressures and urbanization. The study of the types of human pressures in PNB is conducted through observations to detect spatial changes in recent years. The study also relies on an aerial photograph of 1955 and Spot satellite image taken in 1998. Aerial photography was acquired at the Centre of Cartography and Remote Sensing and the National Geographic Institute (IGN-Paris). The satellite image was obtained with the ISIS program of Spot Image. These data were used to map land cover in 1955 and 1998 and compare the evolution of the vegetation through a diachronic analysis.Indeed, in the year 1955, the land in the park and its periphery showed that the landscape was dominated by the forest despite the presence of a few urban space. The forest covered an area of 5462 ha while secondary forest covered an area of 9220 ha. These two types of forest represented nearly 90 % of the landscape of the study area. In 1998, 3450 ha of forest and 434 ha of forest plantations represente the vegetation of the PNB. Bordered by four towns, the Banco National Park suffers from the consequences of rapid urbanization. This rapid growth in the district of Abidjan has created many environmental problems, including the proliferation of shantytowns, inadequate facilities and transport infrastructure, sanitation and housing. The park is bordered to the north, east and south many poor neighborhoods without sanitation equipment. The PNB is to be the outlet for solid and liquid waste from households. Municipal storm water is discharged into the park. Multiple industrial units, informal activities and new residential areas bordering the park which is already facing since a decades to the creation of many facilities (creation of motorways, express roads, infrastructure and equipment necessary to meet demand of urban water, electricity etc..). In addition, many areas of PNB are subject to land claims, including the north-east and south of the park. These disputed areas are correlated with particular types of communities along the villages of Anonkoua Kouté Sagbé and north-Agban Attié and Agban-village southeast, and southwest Andokoi. In order to improve the protection of PNB and to enable his participation in economic development of people, its directors have established a policy of participatory management. This strategy involves local people in conservation. The association of local people in the community management of forest resources can empower them by involving them in monitoring missions, recovery and development. The development of the park through ecotourism, the development of alternative activities toward poachers and illegal loggers are among the many strategies implemented to save this threatened ecosystem. Ecotourism has become the most important policy of participatory management of public administrators of PNB

Dynamique forestière et pression urbaine dans le Parc national du Banco (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

La problématique de la conservation de la forêt ivoirienne et de ses ressources est au centre des préoccupations des pouvoirs publics depuis les années 1960. Ainsi, la Côte d’Ivoire a-t-elle mis en place un réseau d’aires protégées, notamment plusieurs parcs nationaux, pour conserver ses massifs forestiers et leurs biodiversités. Situé à Abidjan, le Parc National du Banco (PNB) et sa périphérie connaissent de profondes mutations environnementales depuis quelques décennies. Ces mutations liées principalement aux activités humaines et à l’urbanisation rapide du district d’Abidjan provoquent une dégradation du massif forestier du PNB. Cette recherche vise à décrire et à analyser les différentes menaces liées à la pression urbaine, notamment les risques de déforestation et de pollution qui exposent certaines zones du PNB. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l’analyse de l’évolution de la végétation, des types d’occupation du sol, des recompositions territoriales et des jeux des différents acteurs est mise à profit pour comprendre les dynamiques environnementales de la forêt du Banco et sa périphérie. L’inventaire et la cartographie des types de risque ainsi que leurs impacts sur le PNB permettent d’identifier les zones les plus vulnérables aux pressions anthropiques et à l’urbanisation. L’étude des types de pressions humaines sur la forêt du PNB est menée à travers des observations de terrain pour détecter les changements spatiaux des dernières années. L’étude s’appuie également sur une photographie aérienne de 1955 et une image satellite Spot prise en 1998. La photographie aérienne a été acquise auprès du Centre de Cartographie et Télédétection (CCT-Abidjan) et de l’Institut Géographique National (IGN-Paris). L’image satellite a été obtenue grâce au programme ISIS de Spot Image. Ces données ont permis de cartographier l’occupation du sol en 1955 et 1998 et de comparer l’évolution de la végétation à travers une analyse diachronique.Les résultats de l’étude montrent que dans les années 1955, le paysage du PNB et sa périphérie était dominé par la forêt malgré la présence de quelques tâches urbaines. La forêt couvrait une superficie de 5462 ha tandis que la forêt secondaire occupait une surface de 9220 ha. Ces deux formations forestières représentaient près de 90 % du paysage de la zone d’étude. En 1998, 3450 ha de forêt et 434 ha de plantations forestières constituent la végétation du PNB. Bordé de quatre communes, le Parc National du Banco subit les conséquences de l’urbanisation galopante. Cette croissance rapide du district d’Abidjan a engendré de nombreux problèmes environnementaux, notamment la multiplication des quartiers précaires qui bordent le parc au nord, à l’est et au sud, l’insuffisance des équipements et infrastructures de transport, d’assainissement et de logement. Ainsi, le PNB est-il devenu l’exutoire des déchets solides et liquides des ménages abidjanais. Les eaux pluviales communales, notamment à Abobo au nord, Adjamé à l’est et Yopougon au sud sont également évacuées dans le parc. De multiples unités industrielles, des activités informelles et de nouveaux quartiers résidentiels bordent le PNB qui fait déjà face depuis des décennies aux aménagements divers (création d’autoroutes, de voies express, d’infrastructures et d’équipements nécessaires à la satisfaction de la demande urbaine en eau, électricité, etc.). En outre, de nombreuses zones du PNB font l’objet de revendications foncières, notamment le nord-est et le sud du parc. Ces zones contestées se situent dans les villages d’Anonkoua Kouté et de Sagbé au nord, Agban-attié et Agban-village au sud-est, et Andokoi au sud-ouest. Pour répondre aux problèmes liés à l’action des populations dans le PNB et sa périphérie, les gestionnaires ont mis en place une série de mesures alternatives pour améliorer sa conservation. En effet, dans le but de le protéger davantage et de le faire participer au développement économique des populations, ses administrateurs ont mis en place une politique de gestion participative. Cette stratégie permet d’associer les populations locales à sa conservation. L’association de celles-ci à cette gestion communautaire des ressources forestières permet de les responsabiliser en les impliquant dans les missions de surveillance, de valorisation et d’aménagement. La mise en valeur du parc notamment à travers l’écotourisme, le développement d’activités alternatives à l’attention des braconniers et des exploitants illégaux font également partie des nombreuses stratégies mises en place pour sauver cet écosystème menacé. L’écotourisme est ainsi devenu le fer de lance de la politique de gestion participative des administrateurs publics du PNB.Since 1960s, the Ivorian government care about his forest conservation. Thus, the Ivory Coast has set up a network of protected areas to conserve its forests and biodiversity. Located in Abidjan, the Banco National Park (PNB) and its periphery face a deeply environment changes in recent decades. This research aims to describe and analyze the various threats to urban pressure, including the risks of deforestation and pollution around and inside the PNB. To achieve these objectives, the analysis of the land cover and vegetation change help to understand the environmental dynamics of the Banco forest. The inventory and mapping of the types of risk and their impact on PNB enable to show the most vulnerable areas due to anthropogenic pressures and urbanization. The study of the types of human pressures in PNB is conducted through observations to detect spatial changes in recent years. The study also relies on an aerial photograph of 1955 and Spot satellite image taken in 1998. Aerial photography was acquired at the Centre of Cartography and Remote Sensing and the National Geographic Institute (IGN-Paris). The satellite image was obtained with the ISIS program of Spot Image. These data were used to map land cover in 1955 and 1998 and compare the evolution of the vegetation through a diachronic analysis.Indeed, in the year 1955, the land in the park and its periphery showed that the landscape was dominated by the forest despite the presence of a few urban space. The forest covered an area of 5462 ha while secondary forest covered an area of 9220 ha. These two types of forest represented nearly 90 % of the landscape of the study area. In 1998, 3450 ha of forest and 434 ha of forest plantations represente the vegetation of the PNB. Bordered by four towns, the Banco National Park suffers from the consequences of rapid urbanization. This rapid growth in the district of Abidjan has created many environmental problems, including the proliferation of shantytowns, inadequate facilities and transport infrastructure, sanitation and housing. The park is bordered to the north, east and south many poor neighborhoods without sanitation equipment. The PNB is to be the outlet for solid and liquid waste from households. Municipal storm water is discharged into the park. Multiple industrial units, informal activities and new residential areas bordering the park which is already facing since a decades to the creation of many facilities (creation of motorways, express roads, infrastructure and equipment necessary to meet demand of urban water, electricity etc..). In addition, many areas of PNB are subject to land claims, including the north-east and south of the park. These disputed areas are correlated with particular types of communities along the villages of Anonkoua Kouté Sagbé and north-Agban Attié and Agban-village southeast, and southwest Andokoi. In order to improve the protection of PNB and to enable his participation in economic development of people, its directors have established a policy of participatory management. This strategy involves local people in conservation. The association of local people in the community management of forest resources can empower them by involving them in monitoring missions, recovery and development. The development of the park through ecotourism, the development of alternative activities toward poachers and illegal loggers are among the many strategies implemented to save this threatened ecosystem. Ecotourism has become the most important policy of participatory management of public administrators of PNB