Gender-Based Screening for Chlamydial Infection and Divergent Infection Trends in Men and Women

Objectives: To assess the potential impact of chlamydial screening policy that recommends routine screening of women but not men. Methods: Population surveys of probability samples of Baltimore adults aged 18 to 35 years in 1997–1998 and 2006–2009 collected biospecimens to estimate trends in undiagnosed chlamydial infection. Survey estimates are compared to surveillance data on diagnosed chlamydial infections reported to the Health Department. Results: Prevalence of undiagnosed chlamydial infection among men increased from 1.6% to 4.0%, but it declined from 4.3% to 3.1% among women (p = 0.028 for test of interaction). The annual (average) number of diagnosed infections was substantially higher among women than men in both time periods and increased among both men and women. Undiagnosed infection prevalence was substantially higher among black than non-black adults (4.0% vs 1.2%, p = 0.042 in 1997–98 and 5.5% vs 0.7%, p,0.001 in 2006–09). Conclusion: Divergent trends in undiagnosed chlamydial infection by gender parallel divergent screening recommendations that encourage chlamydial testing for women but not for men

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among 15- to 35-Year Olds in Baltimore, MD

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most frequently reported infectious disease in the U.S. This article reports population and subpopulation prevalence estimates of Ct and correlates of infection among 15-35 year-olds in Baltimore, MD, USA

‘What’s in the NIDDK CDR?’—public query tools for the NIDDK central data repository

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Disease (NIDDK) Central Data Repository (CDR) is a web-enabled resource available to researchers and the general public. The CDR warehouses clinical data and study documentation from NIDDK funded research, including such landmark studies as The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT, 1983–93) and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC, 1994–present) follow-up study which has been ongoing for more than 20 years. The CDR also houses data from over 7 million biospecimens representing 2 million subjects. To help users explore the vast amount of data stored in the NIDDK CDR, we developed a suite of search mechanisms called the public query tools (PQTs). Five individual tools are available to search data from multiple perspectives: study search, basic search, ontology search, variable summary and sample by condition. PQT enables users to search for information across studies. Users can search for data such as number of subjects, types of biospecimens and disease outcome variables without prior knowledge of the individual studies. This suite of tools will increase the use and maximize the value of the NIDDK data and biospecimen repositories as important resources for the research community

A study of MoO<SUB>3</SUB>, WO<SUB>3</SUB>, and their solid solutions prepared by topotactic dehydration of the monohydrates

Dehydration of Mo<SUB>1&#8722;x</SUB>W<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>&#183;H<SUB>2</SUB>O (0&#8804;x&#8804;1.0) gives rise to oxides of 'ReO<SUB>3</SUB>' structure, the 'ReO<SUB>3</SUB>' structure transforming to the layered structure in the case of MoO<SUB>3</SUB>; reduced Mo<SUB>1&#8722;x</SUB>W<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> samples exhibit disordered {102} shear planes

Gender-Based Screening for Chlamydial Infection and Divergent Infection Trends in Men and Women

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>To assess the potential impact of chlamydial screening policy that recommends routine screening of women but not men.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Population surveys of probability samples of Baltimore adults aged 18 to 35 years in 1997–1998 and 2006–2009 collected biospecimens to estimate trends in undiagnosed chlamydial infection. Survey estimates are compared to surveillance data on diagnosed chlamydial infections reported to the Health Department.</p><p>Results</p><p>Prevalence of undiagnosed chlamydial infection among men increased from 1.6% to 4.0%, but it declined from 4.3% to 3.1% among women (p = 0.028 for test of interaction). The annual (average) number of diagnosed infections was substantially higher among women than men in both time periods and increased among both men and women. Undiagnosed infection prevalence was substantially higher among black than non-black adults (4.0% vs 1.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.042 in 1997–98 and 5.5% vs 0.7%, <i>p</i><0.001 in 2006–09).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Divergent trends in undiagnosed chlamydial infection by gender parallel divergent screening recommendations that encourage chlamydial testing for women but not for men.</p></div

Estimated prevalence of undiagnosed chlamydial infection by age, survey year, and gender.

<p>(Source: 1997–98 Baltimore STD and Behavior Survey and 2006–09 Monitoring STIs Survey Program).</p

Reports of Diagnosed Chlamydial Infections (1a) and Estimates of Prevalent Undiagnosed Chlamydial Infections (1b) by Gender and Year among Baltimore adults, ages 18 to 35.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089035#pone.0089035.s006" target="_blank">Text S2</a> for additional information.</p

Epidemiology of Undiagnosed Trichomoniasis in a Probability Sample of Urban Young Adults

<div><p><i>T. vaginalis</i> infection (trichomoniasis) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the U.S. It is associated with increased HIV risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Trichomoniasis surveillance data do not exist for either national or local populations. The Monitoring STIs Survey Program (MSSP) collected survey data and specimens which were tested using nucleic acid amplification tests to monitor trichomoniasis and other STIs in 2006–09 among a probability sample of young adults (N = 2,936) in Baltimore, Maryland — an urban area with high rates of reported STIs. The estimated prevalence of trichomoniasis was 7.5% (95% CI 6.3, 9.1) in the overall population and 16.1% (95% CI 13.0, 19.8) among Black women. The overwhelming majority of infected men (98.5%) and women (73.3%) were asymptomatic. Infections were more common in both women (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.6, 8.2) and men (OR = 9.0, 95% CI 1.8, 44.3) with concurrent chlamydial infection. Trichomoniasis did not vary significantly by age for either men or women. Women with two or more partners in the past year and women with a history of personal or partner incarceration were more likely to have an infection. Overall, these results suggest that routine <i>T vaginalis</i> screening in populations at elevated risk of infection should be considered.</p></div

Trends in estimated prevalence of chlamydial infections by gender and race: Baltimore, 1997–98 and 2006–09.

<p>Notes: Results for adults ages 18 to 35 from the Baltimore STD and Behavior Survey (BSBS) and the Monitoring STIs Survey Program (MSSP). Table shows unweighted base Ns for percentages and weighted estimates of the percentage of the population that was infected. 95% confidence intervals were calculated using statistical algorithms that take account of the complex sample designs of the surveys. ORs contrast the estimated prevalence in 2006–09 to the estimated prevalence in 1997–98. All adjusted ORs (AOR) were calculated in logit regressions that included the following control variables: age in years, education (4 categories: less than high school; high school graduate; some college; college graduate or higher); marital status (3 categories: married; cohabiting but not married; and single, separated, divorced, or widowed). AOR for comparisons within race categories included an additional control for gender (male vs. female). AOR for comparisons within gender categories included an additional control for race (black vs. non-black). AOR for comparison of the total population included controls for both gender and race.</p><p>(a) ORs cannot be calculated because no infections were found among nonblack females in 1997–98.</p><p>(b) AOR not shown. Category 4 of education (college graduate or higher) predicts non-infection perfectly. If observations with level 4 of education were excluded, AOR would be 0.69 (95% CI: 0.1, 3.7); p>0.5.</p><p>(c) AOR not shown. Categories 3 and 4 of education (some college, and college graduate or higher) predict non-infection perfectly. If observations with levels 3 and 4 of education were excluded, AOR would be 0.41 (95% CI: 0.04, 4.13); p = 0.45.</p