1,939 research outputs found
Perturbative nonequilibrium dynamics of phase transitions in an expanding universe
A complete set of Feynman rules is derived, which permits a perturbative
description of the nonequilibrium dynamics of a symmetry-breaking phase
transition in theory in an expanding universe. In contrast to a
naive expansion in powers of the coupling constant, this approximation scheme
provides for (a) a description of the nonequilibrium state in terms of its own
finite-width quasiparticle excitations, thus correctly incorporating
dissipative effects in low-order calculations, and (b) the emergence from a
symmetric initial state of a final state exhibiting the properties of
spontaneous symmetry breaking, while maintaining the constraint . Earlier work on dissipative perturbation theory and spontaneous symmetry
breaking in Minkowski spacetime is reviewed. The central problem addressed is
the construction of a perturbative approximation scheme which treats the
initial symmetric state in terms of the field , while the state that
emerges at later times is treated in terms of a field , linearly related
to . The connection between early and late times involves an infinite
sequence of composite propagators. Explicit one-loop calculations are given of
the gap equations that determine quasiparticle masses and of the equation of
motion for and the renormalization of these equations is
described. The perturbation series needed to describe the symmetric and
broken-symmetry states are not equivalent, and this leads to ambiguities
intrinsic to any perturbative approach. These ambiguities are discussed in
detail and a systematic procedure for matching the two approximations is
described.Comment: 22 pages, using RevTeX. 6 figures. Submitted to Physical Review
Large-N transition temperature for superconducting films in a magnetic field
We consider the -component Ginzburg-Landau model in the large limit,
the system being embedded in an external constant magnetic field and confined
between two parallel planes a distance apart from one another. On physical
grounds, this corresponds to a material in the form of a film in the presence
of an external magnetic field. Using techniques from dimensional and
-function regularization, modified by the external field and the
confinement conditions, we investigate the behavior of the system as a function
of the film thickness . This behavior suggests the existence of a minimal
critical thickness below which superconductivity is suppressed.Comment: Revtex, two column, 4 pages, 2 figure
Nonequilibrium perturbation theory for complex scalar fields
Real-time perturbation theory is formulated for complex scalar fields away
from thermal equilibrium in such a way that dissipative effects arising from
the absorptive parts of loop diagrams are approximately resummed into the
unperturbed propagators. Low order calculations of physical quantities then
involve quasiparticle occupation numbers which evolve with the changing state
of the field system, in contrast to standard perturbation theory, where these
occupation numbers are frozen at their initial values. The evolution equation
of the occupation numbers can be cast approximately in the form of a Boltzmann
equation. Particular attention is given to the effects of a non-zero chemical
potential, and it is found that the thermal masses and decay widths of
quasiparticle modes are different for particles and antiparticles.Comment: 15 pages using RevTeX; 2 figures in 1 Postscript file; Submitted to
Phys. Rev.
An Analytic Equation of State for Ising-like Models
Using an Environmentally Friendly Renormalization we derive, from an
underlying field theory representation, a formal expression for the equation of
state, , that exhibits all desired asymptotic and analyticity
properties in the three limits , and . The only
necessary inputs are the Wilson functions , and
, associated with a renormalization of the transverse vertex
functions. These Wilson functions exhibit a crossover between the Wilson-Fisher
fixed point and the fixed point that controls the coexistence curve.
Restricting to the case N=1, we derive a one-loop equation of state for naturally parameterized by a ratio of non-linear scaling fields. For
we show that a non-parameterized analytic form can be deduced. Various
asymptotic amplitudes are calculated directly from the equation of state in all
three asymptotic limits of interest and comparison made with known results. By
positing a scaling form for the equation of state inspired by the one-loop
result, but adjusted to fit the known values of the critical exponents, we
obtain better agreement with known asymptotic amplitudes.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure
Treatment options for recurrent glioblastoma: a network meta-analysis
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:. To evaluate the effectiveness of further treatment/s for first and subsequent recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) among people who have received the standard of care for primary treatment of the disease (chemoradiotherapy) or following development of GBM from a lower grade (radiotherapy with subsequent temozolomide at relapse); and to prepare a brief economic commentary on the available evidence
Osteoprotegerin in cardiometabolic disorders.
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a glycoprotein traditionally implicated in bone remodelling, has been recently related to cardiovascular
disease (CVD). Human studies show a positive relationship between circulating OPG, vascular damage, and CVD, and as such
OPG has emerged as a potential biomarker for CVD. This review focuses on the relationship between circulating OPG and
different endocrine cardiometabolic alterations such as type 1 and 2 diabetes. The association of OPG with diabetic complications
(neuropathy, nephropathy, or retinopathy) as well as with atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, morbidity, and mortality
is pointed out. Moreover, OPG modulation by different treatments is also established. Besides, other associated diseases such as
obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, which are known cardiovascular risk factors, are also considered
Critical temperature for first-order phase transitions in confined systems
We consider the Euclidean -dimensional
() model with () compactified dimensions.
Introducing temperature by means of the Ginzburg--Landau prescription in the
mass term of the Hamiltonian, this model can be interpreted as describing a
first-order phase transition for a system in a region of the -dimensional
space, limited by pairs of parallel planes, orthogonal to the coordinates
axis . The planes in each pair are separated by distances
. We obtain an expression for the transition temperature as
a function of the size of the system, , . For
D=3 we particularize this formula, taking for the
physically interesting cases (a film), (an infinitely long wire
having a square cross-section), and for (a cube). For completeness, the
corresponding formulas for second-order transitions are also presented.
Comparison with experimental data for superconducting films and wires shows
qualitative agreement with our theoretical expressionsComment: REVTEX, 11 pages, 3 figures; to appear in Eur. Phys. Journal
Coherent State Approach to Quantum Clocks
The ``problem of time'' has been a pressing issue in quantum gravity for some
time. To help understand this problem, Rovelli proposed a model of a two
harmonic oscillators system where one of the oscillators can be thought of as a
``clock'' for the other oscillator thus giving a natural time reference frame
for the system. Recently, the author has constructed an explicit form for the
coherent states on the reduced phase space of this system in terms of Klauder's
projection operator approach. In this paper, by using coherent state
representations and other tools from coherent state quantization, I investigate
the construction of gauge invariant operators on this reduced phase space, and
the ability to use a quantum oscillator as a ``clock.''Comment: 13 pages, Late
Photometric Variability and Rotation in Magnetic White Dwarfs
We present a search for long term (monthsâyears) photometric variability in a sample of ten isolated magnetic white dwarfs using observations taken with the Liverpool Robotic Telescope between March 2005 and January 2007. These stars had previously been found to be photometrically stable on short (hoursâone week) timescales [1]. We construct differential light curves for each target and then use CLEAN and LombâScargle periodograms to determine any periodicity that may be present. Photometric variability is detected in two of the targets during the observed timescaleâG 240â72 and G 227â28. We find no variability in the remaining eight targets above the 1% level. Finally, we search for any correlations between the spin periods and intrinsic physical properties of magnetic white dwarfs, such as the magnetic field strength, temperature, mass and age
Critical properties of the topological Ginzburg-Landau model
We consider a Ginzburg-Landau model for superconductivity with a Chern-Simons
term added. The flow diagram contains two charged fixed points corresponding to
the tricritical and infrared stable fixed points. The topological coupling
controls the fixed point structure and eventually the region of first order
transitions disappears. We compute the critical exponents as a function of the
topological coupling. We obtain that the value of the exponent does not
vary very much from the XY value, . This shows that the
Chern-Simons term does not affect considerably the XY scaling of
superconductors. We discuss briefly the possible phenomenological applications
of this model.Comment: RevTex, 7 pages, 8 figure
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