Le crayon et le clavier pour écrire au préscolaire et en première anneée

Plusieurs études se sont intéressées à l’utilisation de l’ordinateur comme outil pédagogique pour améliorer la compétence à écrire des élèves de même qu’aux productions écrites et aux préoccupations des élèves lorsqu’ils écrivent avec le crayon. Cependant, peu de chercheurs ont comparé ces deux modes d’écriture lors de l’entrée dans l’écrit. On peut donc se demander si les performances en orthographe et les justifications orthographiques de scripteurs débutants seront les mêmes avec le crayon et avec le clavier. On peut également se questionner sur les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent avec les deux outils d’écriture. Cet article présente une étude exploratoire qui a été menée auprès d’élèves de maternelle (5-6 ans) et de première année (6-7 ans). Les enfants ont été rencontrés individuellement pour réaliser une tâche d’écriture avec le crayon et la même tâche avec le clavier de l’ordinateur. Ensuite, les enfants ont été questionnés sur les deux outils d’écriture. Les résultats font ressortir des performances similaires avec les deux outils d’écriture, mais les justifications données par les élèves viennent moduler ces résultats, et une préférence pour l’utilisation du clavier apparaît malgré certaines difficultés.ABSTRACT Several studies have investigated the use of the computer as an educational tool to improve the writing skills of students as well as written work and concerns of students when writing with the pen. However, few researchers have compared these two writing modes when entering in the written. We can therefore ask if the orthographic performances and justifications of beginner writers will be the same with pencil and with the keyboard. One can also wonder about the difficulties they face with both writing tools. This paper presents an exploratory study who was conducted with students from kindergarten (5-6 years) and first grade (6-7 years). The children were interviewed individually to perform a writing task with pencil and the same task with the computer keyboard. Then the children were asked about both writing tools. The results show similar performance with both writing tools, but the justifications given by the students come modulate these results, and a preference for the use of the keyboard appears, despite some difficulties

L’influence d’une pratique d’analyse de mots sur le développement des compétences en orthographe lexicale de scripteurs débutants

La recherche faisant l’objet de cet article a pour but de vérifier l’influence d’une pratique d’analyse de mots sur le développement des compétences en orthographe lexicale de scripteurs débutants. Elle vise aussi à vérifier l’efficacité de cette pratique lorsqu’elle est combinée à la copie de mots. Au total, 136 élèves de première année du primaire répartis en un groupe expérimental et un groupe témoin ont participé à la recherche. Le groupe expérimental a été divisé en deux sous-groupes. Le premier a vécu des activités d’analyse de mots et le second, suite à ces activités d’analyse, a profité d’activités de copie de mots. Les résultats indiquent notamment que le développement des compétences en orthographe lexicale est bonifié lorsque l’analyse est combinée à la copie. Par ailleurs, les élèves auraient été en mesure de transférer les connaissances acquises dans des mots nouveaux.This study aimed to explore the effects of participating in word analysis activities on the development of lexical spelling skills among beginner writers. It also aimed to determine the effectiveness of word analysis activities when combined with the copying out of words. In all, 136 Grade 1 pupils, divided into an experimental group and a control group, participated in the study. The experimental group was divided into two sub-groups. Both experimental sub-groups participated in word analysis activities. The second sub-group then also participated in word-copying activities. The results show that the development of lexical spelling skills was enhanced when word analysis was combined with the copying out of words. Moreover, the pupils were also able to transfer the knowledge gained to new words

Contenus et répartition des échanges entre élèves de première année du primaire au cours de tâches d’écriture réalisées en dyade

This study aimed to compare student dyads engaged in writing tasks in terms of how the content of the exchanges and the number of interactions varied in relation to the type of grouping and the point in the school year in which the tasks were carried out. To this end, thirty dyads composed of Grade 1 elementary students with good and poor writing skill levels were observed on three occasions. The videotaped exchanges were analyzed using a grid. Results show that that there was no significant relation between the type of grouping in terms of gender and the number of interactions or the content of the exchanges. However, the subjects’ writing skill level was significantly related to the number of interactions produced by dyads and the content of their exchanges as well as the number of interactions as a function of the point in the school year.Cette étude vise à comparer les contenus des échanges entre élèves travaillant en dyade ainsi que le nombre d’interactions selon différents types de regroupement et moments de l’année au cours de la réalisation de tâches d’écriture. À cet effet, trente dyades de filles et de garçons de première année du primaire ayant un bon niveau de développement et un faible niveau de développement en écriture ont participé à trois rencontres. Les séquences filmées ont été analysées à partir d’une grille qui détermine le contenu des échanges. Les résultats révèlent qu’il n’existe pas de rapport significatif entre la formation des dyades selon le sexe et le nombre ainsi que le contenu des échanges. Cependant, le niveau de développement des sujets en écriture s’avère significativement relié au nombre d’interactions que les dyades produisent, aux contenus de leurs échanges ainsi qu’au nombre d’interactions qu’elles ont en fonction du moment de l’année

La littérature jeunesse pour enseigner les mathématiques: Résultats d’une expérimentation en première année

L’étude a pour but d’élaborer et d’évaluer une approche d’enseignement de la numération positionnelle en recourant à la littérature jeunesse. Une série de contes pour enfants a été écrite dans laquelle les personnages rencontrent des problèmes où les mathématiquesseront utiles pour les résoudre. Un devis quasi expérimental avec groupes témoin et expérimental a été utilisé pour évaluer l’approche auprès d’élèves de première année provenant de milieux défavorisés. Les analyses montrent que les élèves du groupe expérimental avaient une meilleure compréhension conceptuelle de la numération positionnelle à la suite de l’intervention que les élèves du groupe témoin

Four decades of military posttraumatic stress:Protocol for a meta-analysis and systematic review of treatment approaches and efficacy

Background: Over 85% of active members of the Canadian Armed Forces have been exposed to potentially traumatic events linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the time of transition to civilian life, as high as 1 in 8 veterans may be diagnosed with PTSD. Given the high prevalence of PTSD in military and veteran populations, the provision of effective treatment considering their unique challenges and experiences is critical for mental health support and the well-being of these populations. Objective: This paper presents the protocol for a meta-analysis and systematic review that will examine the effectiveness of treatment approaches for military-related PTSD. Methods: This PROSPERO-preregistered meta-analysis is being conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature wasconducted using the databases PsycInfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertation &amp; Theses. Effect sizes will be computed based on changes in PTSD symptom scores over time across studies using validated PTSD scales. A multilevel meta-analysis will examine the overall effects, between-study effects, and within-study effects of available evidence for PTSD treatments in military populations. Effect sizes will be compared between pharmacotherapeutic, psychotherapeutic, and alternative/emerging treatment interventions. Finally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses will explore the moderating roles of clinical characteristics (eg, PTSD symptom clusters), treatment approaches (eg, therapeutic orientations in psychotherapy and alternative therapies and classifications of drugs in pharmacotherapy), as well as treatment characteristics (eg, length of intervention) on treatment outcomes. Results: The literature search was completed on April 14, 2021. After the removal of duplicates, a total of 12, 002 studies were screened for inclusion. As of July 2021, title and abstract screening has been completed, with 1469 out of 12, 002 (12.23%) studies included for full-text review. Full review is expected to be completed in the summer of 2021, with initial results expected for publication by early winter of 2021. Conclusions: This meta-analysis will provide information on the current state of evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of various treatment approaches for military-related PTSD and identify factors that may influence treatment outcomes. The results will inform clinical decision-making for service providers and service users. Finally, the findings will provide insights into future treatment development and practice recommendations to better support the well-being of military and veteran populations.</p

Four decades of military posttraumatic stress:Protocol for a meta-analysis and systematic review of treatment approaches and efficacy

Background: Over 85% of active members of the Canadian Armed Forces have been exposed to potentially traumatic events linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the time of transition to civilian life, as high as 1 in 8 veterans may be diagnosed with PTSD. Given the high prevalence of PTSD in military and veteran populations, the provision of effective treatment considering their unique challenges and experiences is critical for mental health support and the well-being of these populations. Objective: This paper presents the protocol for a meta-analysis and systematic review that will examine the effectiveness of treatment approaches for military-related PTSD. Methods: This PROSPERO-preregistered meta-analysis is being conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature wasconducted using the databases PsycInfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertation &amp; Theses. Effect sizes will be computed based on changes in PTSD symptom scores over time across studies using validated PTSD scales. A multilevel meta-analysis will examine the overall effects, between-study effects, and within-study effects of available evidence for PTSD treatments in military populations. Effect sizes will be compared between pharmacotherapeutic, psychotherapeutic, and alternative/emerging treatment interventions. Finally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses will explore the moderating roles of clinical characteristics (eg, PTSD symptom clusters), treatment approaches (eg, therapeutic orientations in psychotherapy and alternative therapies and classifications of drugs in pharmacotherapy), as well as treatment characteristics (eg, length of intervention) on treatment outcomes. Results: The literature search was completed on April 14, 2021. After the removal of duplicates, a total of 12, 002 studies were screened for inclusion. As of July 2021, title and abstract screening has been completed, with 1469 out of 12, 002 (12.23%) studies included for full-text review. Full review is expected to be completed in the summer of 2021, with initial results expected for publication by early winter of 2021. Conclusions: This meta-analysis will provide information on the current state of evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of various treatment approaches for military-related PTSD and identify factors that may influence treatment outcomes. The results will inform clinical decision-making for service providers and service users. Finally, the findings will provide insights into future treatment development and practice recommendations to better support the well-being of military and veteran populations.</p

Correction: Mutations in LRRK2 linked to Parkinson disease sequester Rab8a to damaged lysosomes and regulate transferrin-mediated iron uptake in microglia

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001480.]

Ontogeny of Toll-Like Receptor Mediated Cytokine Responses of Human Blood Mononuclear Cells

Newborns and young infants suffer increased infectious morbidity and mortality as compared to older children and adults. Morbidity and mortality due to infection are highest during the first weeks of life, decreasing over several years. Furthermore, most vaccines are not administered around birth, but over the first few years of life. A more complete understanding of the ontogeny of the immune system over the first years of life is thus urgently needed. Here, we applied the most comprehensive analysis focused on the innate immune response following TLR stimulation over the first 2 years of life in the largest such longitudinal cohort studied to-date (35 subjects). We found that innate TLR responses (i) known to support Th17 adaptive immune responses (IL-23, IL-6) peaked around birth and declined over the following 2 years only to increase again by adulthood; (ii) potentially supporting antiviral defense (IFN-α) reached adult level function by 1 year of age; (iii) known to support Th1 type immunity (IL-12p70, IFN-γ) slowly rose from a low at birth but remained far below adult responses even at 2 years of age; (iv) inducing IL-10 production steadily declined from a high around birth to adult levels by 1 or 2 years of age, and; (v) leading to production of TNF-α or IL-1β varied by stimuli. Our data contradict the notion of a linear progression from an ‘immature’ neonatal to a ‘mature’ adult pattern, but instead indicate the existence of qualitative and quantitative age-specific changes in innate immune reactivity in response to TLR stimulation