Ricerca linguistica e impegno civile in Tullio De Mauro: un intreccio inestricabile

Editorial

Effects of Prone Position and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Noninvasive Estimators of ICP: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Prone positioning and positive end-expiratory pressure can improve pulmonary gas exchange and respiratory mechanics. However, they may be associated with the development of intracranial hypertension. Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be noninvasively estimated from the sonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and from the transcranial Doppler analysis of the pulsatility (ICPPI) and the diastolic component (ICPFVd) of the velocity waveform. METHODS: The effect of the prone positioning and positive end-expiratory pressure on ONSD, ICPFVd, and ICPPI was assessed in a prospective study of 30 patients undergoing spine surgery. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance, fixed-effect multivariate regression models, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to analyze numerical data. RESULTS: The mean values of ONSD, ICPFVd, and ICPPI significantly increased after change from supine to prone position. Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated that, among the noninvasive methods, the mean ONSD measure had the greatest area under the curve signifying it is the most effective in distinguishing a hypothetical change in ICP between supine and prone positioning (0.86±0.034 [0.79 to 0.92]). A cutoff of 0.43 cm was found to be a best separator of ONSD value between supine and prone with a specificity of 75.0 and a sensitivity of 86.7. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive ICP estimation may be useful in patients at risk of developing intracranial hypertension who require prone positioning.DC and MC are partially supported by NIHR Brain Injury Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Cambridge, UK. JD is supported by a Woolf Fisher Scholarship (NZ)

(IN)COMPETENZE METALINGUISTICHE DI BASE IN LAUREATI IN LETTERE

Non basta il possesso di una laurea triennale in Lettere per garantire la conoscenza di nozioni grammaticali elementari come le parti del discorso o di aspetti basilari della linguistica teorica già studiati all’Università. Lo dimostrano le risposte, qui esaminate con attenzione, mediamente molto insoddisfacenti, confuse, erronee di 19 laureati alle domande metalinguistiche di un questionario. Frasi  passive o interrogative vengono scambiate per esempi di dislocazioni a destra o a sinistra, non si sa cosa sia la deissi, grande è la confusione tra fonetica e fonologia… Ne emergono problemi che coinvolgono in pieno anche la didattica universitaria, soprattutto nella  prospettiva dell’attivazione dei corsi di laurea per insegnanti. In particolare, chi voglia prepararsi ad insegnare l’italiano (o altre lingue) dovrebbe avere una formazione ben più solida, ampia e aggiornata su questioni grammaticali e linguistiche. Solo così potrà essere debitamente attrezzato a curare tutti gli aspetti dell’educazione linguistica a scuola.     Metalinguistic (in)competence in graduates from the literature faculty A three-year degree in Literature is not sufficient to guarantee knowledge about basic grammar like the parts of speech or basic aspects of linguistic theory for university graduates.  These are the unsatisfactory, confused, wrong results of a questionnaire on metalinguistics administered to 19 graduates.  Passive sentences or interrogatives are mistakenly identified due to word order, deixis is unfamiliar, and phonetics and phonology are mixed up… Problems effecting university didactics are brought to light, especially regarding degree courses for teachers.  Those who wish to become Italian language (or another language) teachers should have more solid, ample and u-to-date training on grammar and linguistics, the only way for them to them to be capable of teaching language in school settings

Amministrazione e pubblico: comunicazione e scelte linguistiche in Sardegna

In Italia, e non solo in Italia, sono sempre più diffuse le istanze per la semplificazione del linguaggio amministrativo, in modo da superare i suoi caratteri tradizionali di eccessiva distanza dalla lingua comune e di uso quotidiano. Il tradizionale linguaggio burocratico è infatti molto difficile da comprendersi per la maggior parte delle persone. Per di più, non dobbiamo dimenticare la diffusa scarsa capacità di leggere e capire anche testi molto più semplici di quelli amministrativi, come risulta dai calcoli allarmati e allarmanti su cui torna spesso Tullio De Mauro

(IN)COMPETENZE METALINGUISTICHE DI BASE IN LAUREATI IN LETTERE

Non basta il possesso di una laurea triennale in Lettere per garantire la conoscenza di nozioni grammaticali elementari come le parti del discorso o di aspetti basilari della linguistica teorica già studiati all’Università. Lo dimostrano le risposte, qui esaminate con attenzione, mediamente molto insoddisfacenti, confuse, erronee di 19 laureati alle domande metalinguistiche di un questionario. Frasi  passive o interrogative vengono scambiate per esempi di dislocazioni a destra o a sinistra, non si sa cosa sia la deissi, grande è la confusione tra fonetica e fonologia… Ne emergono problemi che coinvolgono in pieno anche la didattica universitaria, soprattutto nella  prospettiva dell’attivazione dei corsi di laurea per insegnanti. In particolare, chi voglia prepararsi ad insegnare l’italiano (o altre lingue) dovrebbe avere una formazione ben più solida, ampia e aggiornata su questioni grammaticali e linguistiche. Solo così potrà essere debitamente attrezzato a curare tutti gli aspetti dell’educazione linguistica a scuola.     Metalinguistic (in)competence in graduates from the literature faculty A three-year degree in Literature is not sufficient to guarantee knowledge about basic grammar like the parts of speech or basic aspects of linguistic theory for university graduates.  These are the unsatisfactory, confused, wrong results of a questionnaire on metalinguistics administered to 19 graduates.  Passive sentences or interrogatives are mistakenly identified due to word order, deixis is unfamiliar, and phonetics and phonology are mixed up… Problems effecting university didactics are brought to light, especially regarding degree courses for teachers.  Those who wish to become Italian language (or another language) teachers should have more solid, ample and u-to-date training on grammar and linguistics, the only way for them to them to be capable of teaching language in school settings

RICERCA LINGUISTICA E IMPEGNO CIVILE IN TULLIO DE MAURO: UN INTRECCIO INESTRICABILE

Editorial

Dimensioni della variazione: la regionalità dell’italiano

Sembra persistere a scuola un’educazione linguistica monolingue che, in particolare, trascura le varietà geografiche dell’italiano. Le grammatiche scolastiche parlano poco e male degli italiani regionali, mentre si potrebbe fare molta grammatica e riflessione sulla lingua proprio a partire dalle forme regionali più ricorrenti negli usi linguistici degli allievi

Perbaikan Kualitas Baterai pada Line Assembly dengan Metodologi DMAIC

Produksi baterai di Indonesia dalam skala besar yang dapat dikategorikan berkembang masih terbatas kepada baterai sekali pakai dalam berbagai ukuran. Penelitian ini berfokus kepada perbaikan kualitas baterai yang dibuat dalam sistem line assembly dengan menggunakan metodologi DMAIC - six sigma. Line assembly yang ditinjau menghasilkan dua jenis produk baterai yang berbeda, namun kedua produk tersebut digabungkan karena karakteristiknya yang dapat dianggap sama.  Pengukuran kapabilitas produksi dan penggunaan teknik Statistical Quality Control, dilanjutkan dengan metode Delphi dan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) dapat mengidentifikasi 11 jenis cacat dan 5 faktor Critical to Quality (CTQ). Selanjutnya ditentukan 3 permasalahan penyebab cacat yang akan ditangani. Perancangan solusi perbaikan dilakukan dengan mengusulkan penjadwalan berkala bagi part-part mesin yang menjadi akar masalah penyebab cacat

Influence of general anaesthesia on slow waves of intracranial pressure.

OBJECTIVE: Slow vasogenic intracranial pressure (ICP) waves are spontaneous ICP oscillations with a low frequency bandwidth of 0.3-4 cycles/min (B-waves). B-waves reflect dynamic oscillations in cerebral blood volume associated with autoregulatory cerebral vasodilation and vasoconstriction. This study quantifies the effects of general anaesthesia (GA) on the magnitude of B-waves compared to natural sleep and conscious state. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The magnitude of B-waves was assessed in 4 groups of 30 patients each with clinical indications for ICP monitoring. Normal pressure hydrocephalus patients undergoing Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) infusion studies in the conscious state (GROUP A) and under GA (GROUP B), and hydrocephalus patients undergoing overnight ICP monitoring during physiological sleep (GROUP C) were compared to deeply sedated traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with well-controlled ICP during the first night of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (GROUP D). RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were included. During CSF infusion studies, the magnitude of slow waves was higher in conscious patients ( GROUP A: 0.23+/-0.10 mm Hg) when compared to anaesthetised patients ( GROUP B: 0.15+/-0.10 mm Hg; p = 0.011). Overnight magnitude of slow waves was higher in patients during natural sleep (GROUP C: 0.20+/-0.13 mm Hg) when compared to TBI patients under deep sedation (GROUP D: 0.11+/- 0.09 mm Hg; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: GA and deep sedation are associated with a reduced magnitude of B-waves. ICP monitoring carried out under GA is affected by iatrogenic suppression of slow vasogenic waves of ICP. Accounting for the effects of anaesthesia on vasogenic waves may prevent the misidentification of potential shunt-responders as non-responders.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2016.1189200

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in traumatic brain injury: How do we manage it?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. TBI patients frequently suffer from lung complications and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Moreover, the association between TBI and ARDS in trauma patients is well recognized. Mechanical ventilation of patients with a concomitance of acute brain injury and lung injury can present significant challenges. Frequently, guidelines recommending management strategies for patients with traumatic brain injuries come into conflict with what is now considered best ventilator practice. In this review, we will explore the strategies of the best practice in the ventilatory management of patients with ARDS and TBI, concentrating on those areas in which a conflict exists. We will discuss the use of ventilator strategies such as protective ventilation, high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), prone position, recruitment maneuvers (RMs), as well as techniques which at present are used for 'rescue' in ARDS (including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) in patients with TBI. Furthermore, general principles of fluid, haemodynamic and hemoglobin management will be discussed. Currently, there are inadequate data addressing the safety or efficacy of ventilator strategies used in ARDS in adult patients with TBI. At present, choice of ventilator rescue strategies is best decided on a case-by-case basis in conjunction with local expertise