Systematic review of the effects of chemical insecticides on four common butterfly families

Safeguarding crop productivity by protecting crops from pest attacks entails the wide use of plant protection products that provide a quick, easy and cheap solution. The objective of this study is to understand the effects of insecticides used in agriculture on non-target butterflies, specifically on the families Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae, and Papilionidae. To achieve this goal, a formal systematic review was performed according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidelines, by entering a combination of keywords on 3 online databases. Three reviewers independently extracted information on study characteristics and quality. The main results were collected and grouped by the insecticide used, butterflies species and family, and endpoints. The output was valuable but heterogeneous as the endpoints and methodologies of the studies reviewed were different. Few experimental studies on the effects of insecticides on the most common butterfly families have been published. Naled and permethrin are the most commonly used insecticides in the experiments, whilst the target organisms of these studies are Vanessa cardui, Danaus plexippus, Heliconius charitonius, belonging to the Nymphalidae family, and Eumaeus atala, belonging to the Lycaenidae family; the effects were evaluated on all developmental stages, with special attention to the larval phase. This systematic review highlights the need for more studies on the effects of chemical insecticides on non-target Lepidoptera in light of their ecological importance and the extensive use of these chemical products

How do freshwater organisms cross the “dry ocean”? A review on passive dispersal and colonization processes with a special focus on temporary ponds

Lakes and ponds are scattered on Earth’s surface as islands in the ocean. The organisms inhabiting these ecosystems have thus developed strategies to pass the barrier represented by the surrounding land, disperse and colonise new environments. The evidences of a high potential for passive long-range dispersal of organisms producing resting stages inspired the idea that there were no real barriers to their actual dispersal, and that their distribution was only limited by the ecological characteristics of the available habitats. The development of genetic techniques allowed to criticise this view and revealed the existence of a more complex and diverse biological scenario governed by an assortment of historical and ecological factors. In this paper we review the literature related to the passive dispersal of organisms producing resting stages among inland lentic ecosystems, with special emphasis to temporary ponds, which represent “isolated” ecosystems both in space and in time, and are characterised by high levels of biological diversity. The existence of a sharp decoupling between “dispersal potential” and “actual establishment rates” is stressed, thus urging a definitive overcome of the so-called “Everything is Everywhere” hypothesis in order to gain a proper understanding of the biogeography and ecology of inland-water organisms

Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) for Pan-Genomic Evolutionary Studies of Non-Model Organisms

Background: High-throughput tools for pan-genomic study, especially the DNA microarray platform, have sparked a remarkable increase in data production and enabled a shift in the scale at which biological investigation is possible. The use of microarrays to examine evolutionary relationships and processes, however, is predominantly restricted to model or near-model organisms. Methodology/Principal Findings: This study explores the utility of Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) in evolutionary studies of non-model organisms. DArT is a hybridization-based genotyping method that uses microarray technology to identify and type DNA polymorphism. Theoretically applicable to any organism (even one for which no prior genetic data are available), DArT has not yet been explored in exclusively wild sample sets, nor extensively examined in a phylogenetic framework. DArT recovered 1349 markers of largely low copy-number loci in two lineages of seed-free land plants: the diploid fern Asplenium viride and the haploid moss Garovaglia elegans. Direct sequencing of 148 of these DArT markers identified 30 putative loci including four routinely sequenced for evolutionary studies in plants. Phylogenetic analyses of DArT genotypes reveal phylogeographic and substrate specificity patterns in A. viride, a lack of phylogeographic pattern in Australian G. elegans, and additive variation in hybrid or mixed samples. Conclusions/Significance: These results enable methodological recommendations including procedures for detecting and analysing DArT markers tailored specifically to evolutionary investigations and practical factors informing the decision to use DArT, and raise evolutionary hypotheses concerning substrate specificity and biogeographic patterns. Thus DArT is a demonstrably valuable addition to the set of existing molecular approaches used to infer biological phenomena such as adaptive radiations, population dynamics, hybridization, introgression, ecological differentiation and phylogeography

Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae)

A revision of the Convolvulus sabatius complex is presented and five taxa are now recognised. Convolvulus valentinus is re-circumscribed to comprise only blue-flowered individuals. Yellow-flowered plants previously referred to this species are transferred to C. supinus where they are recognised as a distinct variety: C. supinus var. melliflorus, comb nov. Variation in intensity of flower colour, pubescence and leaf shape among blue-flowered C. valentinus is highly variable within populations and in contrast to earlier treatments, no infraspecific taxa based on these traits are recognised. Despite suggestions to the contrary, the delimitation of the cultivated ornamental C. sabatius and its two subspecies is unproblematic. Molecular data from the chloroplast trnH-psbA region support the recircumscription of C. supinus and C. valentinus and highlight the genetic distinctiveness of a disjunct Iberian population of the latter that merits further investigation

Convolvulus valentinus Cavanilles 1793

1. Convolvulus valentinus Cavanilles (1793: 65). Holotype: SPAIN. Benitachell, Cavanilles s.n. (MA!) Convolvulus suffruticosus Desfontaine (1798: 175) Ξ C. valentinus subsp. suffruticosus (Desf.) Maire in Jahandiez & Maire (1934: 3) Ξ C. valentinus var. suffruticosus (Desf.) Pau & Font Quer in Font Quer (1927: 489). Holotype: ALGERIA. Tlemcen, Desfontaines, s.n. (P!) Convolvulus valentinus var. oranensis Pomel (1874: 86). Lectotype (designated by Sa’ad, 1967): ALGERIA. Prov. Oran: Bou-Tléis, Pomel s.n. (AL (n.v.); duplicate MPU!) Convolvulus valentinus var. melillensis Pau (1911: 6). Holotype: MOROCCO. Molilk ribanadas del rio, Pau, s.n, (MA!) Convolvulus suffruticosus f. angustifolius Maire (1938: 29). Holotype: MOROCCO. Aïn Tellout, Henry, 6-462, 5 May 1936 (MPU!). Convolvulus valentinus subsp. euvalentinus Maire in Jahandiez & Maire (1934: 3), nom. non rite public. Convolvulus valentinus var. typicus Maire in Jahandiez & Maire (1934: 3), nom. non rite public. Convolvulus valentinus f. albiflorus Sauvage & Vindt (1954: 2), nom. nud. Convolvulus suffruticosus f. valdepilosus Sennen & Mauricio (1933: 79), nom. nud. Convolvulus suffruticosus var. debilis Sennen & Mauricio (1933: 79), nom. nud. Convolvulus valentinus f. villosissimus Sennen (1934: 9470), nom. nud. Convolvulus valentinus var. transfretanus Pau & Font Quer in Font Quer (1930: 356), nom. nud. Stems somewhat villous. Leaves with petioles 2–6 mm long; lamina oblong to elliptic, 10–40 mm long × 2–15 mm wide; base cuneate, truncate or rarely attenuate; apices acute or rarely obtuse; sparsely villous on lower leaf surface, glabrous or glabrescent above. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Peduncles 5–35 mm long at anthesis, sparsely villous. Pedicels 5–8(–15) mm long, sparsely villous. Bracteoles lanceolate, 6–12 mm long × 0.5 mm wide, villous. Calyx lobes lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, unequal, 6.5–9.5 mm long × 2–4 mm wide; apices acute, attenuate or rarely rounded with a short attenuate point; villous, often only along the margins and midrib. Corolla 15– 30 mm long, intense blue-lavender to almost white, with a yellow centre. Stamens with filaments 5–7(–9) mm long on the shorter three, 6.5–8(–11) mm long on the longer two, the shorter filaments with stalked glandular hairs for the lower 1/3, the longer pair entirely glabrous; anthers 2–3 mm long on the longer filaments, 1.5–2.5 mm long on the shorter filaments. Ovary narrowly conical, 1–2 mm long, white, glabrous. Style white, 4–6 mm long. Stigma lobes 4–5.5 mm long, equal or nearly equal in length to the style (fig. 2d). Distribution:— In Spain (Almeria, Alicante [Cabo Nao] and Mallorca [Marina de Llucmajor and Illa de s’Espartar; Sáez and Rosselló 2001]), northeastern Morocco (Gareb and Beni Snassen Mountain areas as defined by Valdes et al. (2002)) and northwestern Algeria (Oran Province; fig. 2a). Habitat:— Growing in dry pastures and disturbed areas, often alongside roads. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting April–June. Conservation:— At a global level, this species meets the criteria for Least Concern (IUCN 2001). However, in Spain, it exists in a number of small, highly disjunct populations and molecular data suggest that plants from Alicante may be distinct from the rest (fig. 1). In the Balearics, C. valentinus is recognised as critically endangered (Category C2a(ii); Sáez and Roselló 2001) Other specimens seen:— ALGERIA. Route de Bou Tilelu a Elancon, enc. D'Ozan, d'Alleizette s.n. (94109), April 1918 (MA); Coteaux arides á Lalla-Maghrnia, ouest fe la Prov. d’Oran Bourgeau 80, 14 May 1856 (E); Maghina to Nedroma, Davis 51530, 24 April 1971 (RNG, BM); nr. Maghina, Davis 58995, 9 June 1975 (BM); Tlemcen, Desfontaine 396 (P); Les Lauriers-Roses (Departement d'Oran), Faure s.n., 23 May 1915 (BM); Les Lauriers-Roses (Oran), Faure s.n. (41681), 23 May 1915 (BC); Aïn Tellout, Henry 6-462 5 May 1936 (MPU); O. Bou Tlelis, Pomel s.n. (MPU); Oran, Sennen & Maurico 269, 14 April 1934 (MA). MOROCCO. 49 km W from Oujda on road to Taza, 1 km before road crosses Oued Bourdim. Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 369, 16 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); Nador: Cap des Trois Fourches, croisement à Farkhana, Acchal, Benabid, Diaz, Diosdado, Santa-Bárbara & Valdés loc. 21/88, 13 April 1988 (RNG); Pico de la Pieneta (Melilla), Arnal s.n. (94105), 13 April 1943 (MA); Gareb: 13 km East from Kariat-Arrkmane on road to Ras-el-Mar., Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 335, 14 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); Beni Snassen: Gorges de Zegsel, 3 km N. of turning to Grottes du Chameau, Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 339, 15 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); Gareb: 21 km S of lighthouse at Cap de Trois Fourches on road to Farknana, Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 330, 13 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); Gareb: 37 km W from Berkane on main road to Zaïo, Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 337, 15 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); Beni Snassen: Road from Sidi-Bouhouria to Oujda, 3 km SE of Labsabsa, Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 349, 15 June 2004 (BM, RNG, IAV); R: 10 km E. of Zaio (Nador-Berkane, Davis 51405, 19 April 1971 (E); Oujda: 6 km from Oujda, on the road to Taza, Etlaftski, Mateos & Valdés BV120/ 93, 29 May 1993 (SEV); Between Oujda and Sidi Bouhria near the crossing to Ain Sfa, Etlaftski, Mateos & Valdés BV234/93, 29 May 1993 (RNG, BC, SEV); Oujda. Between Beni Drar and Ahfir, Col de Guerbourss, Etlaftski, Mateos & Valdés BV278/93, 29 May 1993 (RNG, SEV); Oujda: Ahfir, Forestry road to Monts Beni-Snassen, 6 km from Ahfir, Etlaftski, Mateos Valdés BV469/93, 30 May 1993 (RNG); Beni-Snassen: Martinjiney, Faure s.n., 7 May 1928 (MPU); Martinjiney-du-Kiss, Faure s.n., 19 April 1937 (E); Beni Snasen, Taforalt a 2.1 km hacia Zegzel, Fiz, Martinez, Valcárcel & Vargas 180PV00, 3 May 2000 (MA); Hassi Berkan (Ulad Setut), Font Quer 356, 30 May 1929 (MPU, BM, MA, BC); Marsa Saguira (Bocoya), Font Quer 489, 10 May 1927 (MPU, BM, MA, BC); Beni Snassen: Beni Oual, Jahandiez 48, 22 April 1925 (E, MA); Castellum Tazzougert, Maire & Wilczek s.n., 18 April 1933 (MPU); In ditione Beni-Snassen in collis Taghit, Maire s.n., 2 may 1925 (MPU); Morro Nuevo, Maire s.n., 19 June 1929 (MPU); Nador: near Melilla, Mateos & Valdés BV806/93, 1 June 1993 (RNG, SEV); Gurugu, Maurico s.n., April 1931 (BM); Aïn Cheggag, Mouret 2446, May 1913 (P); Melilla, Pardo & Marti s.n. (94098), 26 March 1933 (MA); Molilk ribanadas del rio, Pau s.n. (94101), April 1918 (MA); Ghar: Rouban, Pomel s.n., 10 June (MPU); 10: Beni-Snassen. Beni Oukil hacia Jbel Mrhiris, Romo, Bouhmadi, Peris & Stubing 6556, 10 April 1994 (RNG, BM, SEV); Beni-Snassen: Machra Homadi, hacia Jerf al Khaldi, Romo, Bouhmadi, Peris & Stubing 6680, 13 April 1994 (RNG, SEV); Triffa: Jebel Gounougou, paitie banc, erme ek cultures, 17206, 13 May 1962 (MPU); Tarifa: plaine en Trifa a 9 km au S de Saïdia, 6852, 6 April 1955 (MPU); Mellila: coteaux, Sennen s.n. (15633), May 1932 (P, MAF); Melilla, Sennen & Maurico s.n., May 1932 (BM); Beni Snassen: Berkane, Sennen & Maurico s.n., 2 April 1934 (BM); Sidi-Auriach, Gurugu, Sennen 7642, 20 & 21 June 1930 (BM); Monts des Kebdana, Sennen & Maurico 9470, 12 June 1934 (MPU, BM, MA, MAF, BC). SPAIN. Entre Agra y Aguadulce (Almeria), Borja, Mansanet & Monasterio s.n., April 1965 (BM, RNG); Almeria: Aguadulce, Borja, Mansanet & Monasterio s.n., April 1965 (SEV); Almeria, Barranco del Caballar, s. coll. 67, April 1890 (BM); Almeria: Barranca de "La Majora", Jeronimo s.n., 23 December 1932 (BM); Almeria: Barranco del Caballar, Lacaita 31648 + 31897, 16 May 1928 (BM); Juxta oppidum Benitachel prope Jàvea (Alicante), Cavanilles s.n. (MA 475578) , May 1792 (MA); Alicante: Benitachel, Ellman & Sandwith 1162, 14 May 1928 (K); Alicante: Between Benitachel and the Cabo de la Nao, Ellman & Sandwith 32992, 14 May 1928 (BM); Barranco del Caballar, pr. Almeria, Fluton, Porta & Figo 338, 10 April 1879 (E); Alacant: Beniteixel (Penyals de Lorxa), Font Quer & Gros 174/24, 10 May 1923 (RNG); 12 km SE from Denia, Cabo de San Antonio, Jury, Rumsey & Vagges 5163, 7 April 1984 (RNG); Alicante, 12 km SE from Denia, Cabo de San Antonio, Jury 7254, 14 April 1986 (RNG); Almeria, Sierra Nevada, Las Alpujarras, above Almocita on road to Fondon, Jury 18709, 1 April 2001 (RNG); 7 April 1986 (RNG); Benitachel (prov. d'Alicante), Lager s.n., 27 May 1890 (BM, K); Valence: Benitachel, Cote de la Granadella, Pau 26094 (2470), June 1913 (BM, RNG); Alicante: Moraira, Peris, Stübing & Gonzalez s.n., 1970 (BM); Alicante: Moraira. En las orillas de la carreterra sobre suelos algo removidos y nitificados, Peris, Stübing & Gonzalez 1970, 10 April 1983 (RNG, SEV); Almeria, Barranco del Caballar, Porta & Figo 67, April 1890 (E); Alicante: Benitachel, Rouy 1565, 29 May 1883 (BM).Published as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870

Convolvulus supinus var. melliflorus Carine & Robba, comb. nov.

2b. Convolvulus supinus var. melliflorus (Pau) Carine & Robba, comb. nov. Basionym: Convolvulus valentinus var. melliflorus Pau (1911: 6). Holotype: MOROCCO. Zeluan, Pau s.n., 2 May 1910 (MA!) Convolvulus suffruticosus var. sulfureus Battandier (1919: 61) ≡ C. valentinus var. sulfureus (Battandier) Maire & Wiczek in Maire (1934: 25). Holotype: Ducellier s.n., 1 May 1917 (MPU!) Convolvulus valentinus var. simulans Maire (1936: 27) ≡ Convolvulus valentinus f. simulans (Maire) Sauvage & Vindt (1954: 2). Lectotype (designated by Sa’ad, 1967): Nain 10, 15 June 1919 (MPU!). Convolvulus valentinus var. transiens Maire & Wilczek in Maire (1934: 25). Isotype: MOROCCO. Castellum Tazzougert, 1200 m, Maire & Wilczek s.n., 18 April 1933 (AL, MPU!) Convolvulus valentinus var. adpressipilis Maire & Wilczek in Maire (1934: 25) Isotype: MOROCCO. In pascuis deserti amnem Zerzef inter Esfoud et Bou-Denib, 950 m, Maire, & Wilczek s.n., April 1933 (P! MPU!). Convolvulus valentinus var. embergeri Sauvage & Vindt (1954: 2), nom. nud. Stems usually villous, rarely glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves ovate, narrowly elliptic or rarely deltoid, 10–25 mm long × 2–9 mm wide; base cuneate or truncate; apices acute or rarely obtuse; sparsely to densely villous on lower leaf surface, glabrous or glabrescent above. (fig. 1e) Distribution:— Morocco, extending northwards from the Western Sahara to the Beni Snassen mountains; outlying populations also occurring in Algeria (fig. 2c). Habitat:— Arid gravel, stony or sandy habitats. Phenology:— Flowering March–July(–August); fruiting June–July(–August?). Conservation:— Least Concern (IUCN 2001). Other specimens seen:— ALGERIA. Sidi-Maklouf, route de Laghirive, Chevallier s.n., 8 April 1897 (P); Laghouat, Chevallier 223, 12 April 1897 (P); Laghouat, col des sables, Chevallier s.n., 17 April 1897 (P); Laghouat, plaine entre l'Oued Mzi et le Dj. Mileb, Chevallier s.n., 17 April 1897 (P); AS 2: E. foot of Dj. Amour, 50 km from Laghouat to Aflou, Davis 58667, 3 June 1975 (BM); Bou-Saada (wilaya de M'Sida) a 2km au S d'Ain-Khermane et a environ 30km au N de Bou-Saada, Dubuis 13437, 3 May 1986 (RNG, MA, BC); Djebel Sahar, environs de Djelf(s)a, Prov. Alger, Reboud s.n., May 1854 (P); Ras-el-ma pres Bou Saada, Contantine [Bou Saada], Reboud s.n., 7 May 1865 (P). MOROCCO. Ouarzazate, pr. oppidium Tifoultout, Blanché, Fernández-Casas, Molero, Montserrat, & Romo 9664, 31 May 1985 (E). NW Sahara: Sand dune vegetation of Goulimina, Bramwell, Richardson & Murray 586, 2 April 1972 (RNG); Beni Snassen: 23 km from Uojda on road to Taza, Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 365, 16 June 2005 (BM, RNG, IAV); 49 km from Oujda on road to Taza. 1 km before road crosses Oued Bourdim. Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 368, 16 June 2005 (BM, RNG, IAV); 6 km E of Taourirt on Taourirt-El Ayoun Road. Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 370, 16 June 2005 (BM, RNG, IAV); Beni Snassen: 23 km W. from Oujda on road to Taza. Carine, Ait Lafkih, Rumsey & Rutherford 366, 16 June 2005 (BM, RNG, IAV); Sahara: El Abiod Sidi Cheikh, ravines, route de Gergville, Chevallier s.n., 9 May 1899 (P); Plateau de l'arid, N. de Midelt, Damblon 79/159, 24 June 1979 (RNG); ED. Goulmima to Ksar-es-Souk, Davis & Davis 49063, 4 April 1969 (BM, E); Ksar-es-Souk to Erfoud., Davis & Davis 49093, 5 April 1969 (BM, E); ED. Ziz Gorge (Ksar-es-Souk to Rich), Davis & Davis 49179, 7 April 1969 (BM, E); ED: 2 km NE of Goulmima, Else s.n, 1 April 1995 (RNG, BM); Gorges du Ziz, Else s.n., 6 Apil 1995 (RNG, BM); Ksar Es Souk, entre Er Rachidia y Midelt, Fernández Casas, Muñoz Garmendia, Susanna & Telleria FC7088, 18 June 1982 (RNG, MA); in lapidosis calcareis Atlantis Majorii orientalis propre Rich, Humbert s.n., April 1927 (MPU); Bou Denib: bords de l'oed Guir, 5–6 km from Bou Denib, Humbert s.n., April 1923, (P); R to Noulouya: Misour, Jahandiez 93, 28 April 1925 (BM, E, MA); R to Noulouya: Midelt, gorges de Oued Outat, Jahandiez 144, 2 May 1925 (BM); 51 km ENE of Ouarzazate, 8 km ENE of Skoura, on road to Boumalne du Dadès, Jury 14524, 24 March 1994 (RNG, BM); 121 km from Midelt along the road to Guercif, Jury 16928, 26 April 1995 (BM, RNG, MA); SE of Guercif, 1.8 km S of junction of Guercif - Oujda main road, Jury 16911, 26 April 1995 (BM, RNG, MA, BC); Prov. Er Rachida, road N. from Erfoud, 59 km from Rissani, 1 km N of Ksar Jdid, Jury 19114, 19 February 2002 (RNG); 89 km from Midelt on Azrou-Midelt road, just south of Boulojoul, Jury 19461, 30 May 2002 (RNG); Prov. Er Rachida, road N. from Erfoud, 36 km before Er Rachidia, above village of Ait Amira, Jury 19156, 19 February 2002 (RNG); Meski Spring, 11 km S.E. of Ksar-es-Souk, O. Ziz, Lambert 357, 20 April 1969 (BM); Prov d'Errachidia, Vallee de Ziz, Ksar Jdid (5 km au N. d'Aoufous, route 567 Errachidia-Erfoud, a env. 23 km du carrefour de la P32), Lambion & van den Sande 95/Ma/212, 14 March 1995 (RNG, MA); Prov. De Taza, Ighoudane, oued Boulajraf, Lambion & van den Sande 94/MA/176, 30 May 1994 (RNG); RICH (Errachiaouat), Lewalle 10526, 8 July 1982 (BM); Boudenit (Prov. Emachitie), Lewalle 13658, 3 April 1992 (BM); 10 km N de Midelt, Lewalle 9131, 2 July 1979 (P); Missour Gurcif, piste Moulaya, l'Hermite s.n., April 1939 (P); Beni-Ouziem, Maire & Wilczek s.n. (94112), 17 April 1933 (MA); propre Guercif, Maire & Wilczek s.n., 25 April 1933 (P, MPU); Bou-Denib-Salei, Maire & Wilczek 414, 17 April 1933 (MA); Teniet Zerzef (Tafilaet), Maire & Wilczek 312, 15 April 1933 (MA); Inter Erfoud et BenDenib, Maire & Wilczek s.n. (139502), 15 April 1933 (BC); In glareis torrentium vallei Dades inter Ikoura et Aït Yaga, Maire & Weiller 395, 21 June 1939 (MPU); Guercif, Carreterra a Outat-Oulad-el-Haj, a 4 km de Mahirija, Mateos 6809/95, 11 June 1995 (RNG); between Mertigmer and Mechra-Homadi 69 km from Nador, Mateos & Valdés BV636/93, 31 May 1993 (RNG, BC); Fes Missour- Aïn Guettara, plateau, Mordant 1100, 9 May 1969 (P); Guercif Tafrata, Mordant 1195, 14 May 1969 (P); Qsar-Es-Souq Outskirts of Midelt, on track to Cirque du Jaffar, Jbel Ayachi. Locality 6, OPTIMA ITER V 289, 10 June 1992 (RNG); Zeluan, Pau s.n. (94102), 2 May 1910 (MA); In montibus Largko/Sargho, Peltier s.n., 10 April 1939 (MPU); Mgoun/Haut Atlas oriental: vallei du Dadès en amour du Boumalne, Sauvage 12277, 1 April 1954 (MPU).Published as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870

Convolvulus sabatius subsp. sabatius subsp. sabatius

3a. Convolvulus sabatius subsp. sabatius Calyx indument comprising of short, appressed hairs. Distribution:— Apparently confined to Cabo di Noli in Liguria (fig. 2b). Habitat:— In stony pastures and rock fissures. Phenology:— Flowering May–June. Conservation:— Given the extremely restricted distribution of this taxon, it meets the criteria for Vulnerable (IUCN 2001) Other specimens seen:— ITALY. Noli headland in Western Liguria, Bastreri s.n., May 1892 (BM); Liguria occidental, Circond di Savona, in rupibus calcareirs apricis ad promontorium di Noli, Béguinot & Pampanini 328, 4 June 1905 (K); Capo di Noli, Bernoulli s.n., 11 June 1890 (K); Liguria, prope "Capo di Noli", Bicknell s.n., May 1895 (BM; E, K); Capo di Noli, Liguria, Bicknell s.n., 3 June 1890 (BM, E); Capo di Noli, Liguria, Bicknell & Collins s.n., 12 May 1903 (E); Rachers du cap Noli/vada sabatius/Italic septuitionale, Burnat s.n., 27 April 1872 (BM); Entre Noli et cap Noli, Burnat s.n., 2 June 1872 (E); Liguria occid.- Circond. di Savona: in rupibus calcareis apricis ad promontorium di Noli, Fiori, Beguinot & Pampanini 8617, 4 June 1905 (BM, E); Capo di Noli, Liguria, Churchill s.n., 20 April 1868 (K); Noli, N.W. Italy, Jebbs s.n., May 1875 (K); Capo di Noli, Western Liguria, Joad 1882, 28 April 1870 (K); Capo di Noli, Riviera, Maw s.n., April 1875 (K); Capo di Noli, E. of Finale, Moggridge s.n. 20 April 1868 (K); Capo di Noli, Noli, Liguria, Moggridge s.n., 21 April 1868 (K); Capo di Noli, Liguria occ., Piccone s.n. 23 May 1869 (E).Published as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870

Convolvulus sabatius Viviani 1824

3. Convolvulus sabatius Viviani (1824: 67) Holotype: ITALY. West Liguria, Capody Noli near Vada Sabatia, Viviani s.n. (GE; isotype: G-DC (microfiche!)) Stems villous. Leaves with petioles up to 3 mm long; lamina broadly oblong, elliptic or orbicular, up to 18 mm long × 18 mm wide; apices obtuse, occasionally emarginated or acute; pilose on lower leaf surface; upper surface variable, from glabrous to pilose. Flowers solitary or rarely paired. Peduncles 5–25(–31) mm long, villous. Pedicels 2–10 mm long, villous. Bracteoles lanceolate to elliptic, 3–12 mm long × 1–3.5 mm wide. Calyx lobes narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5– 8 mm long × 1.5–3.5 mm wide; apices acute. Corolla 12–22 mm long, lilac-blue or blue-pink above, with a yellow centre and a white ring separating the two. Stamens with filaments 6–8 mm long on the shorter three and 7.5– 10 mm long on the longer pair, variable for pubescence with some individuals apparently glabrous and others glandular pubescent for two thirds of total length; anthers 2–3 mm long on the longer filaments; 1.5–2.5 mm on the shorter filaments. Ovary narrowly conical, 1–1.5 mm long, white, glabrous. Style white, 3–4 mm long. Stigma lobes 4–5 mm long, longer than the style.Published as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870

Convolvulus sabatius Viviani 1823

Taxonomic treatment of the C. sabatius complex Prostrate or scrambling perennial herbs, woody at the base, with stems to 30 cm or more long. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina oblong, elliptic, ovate, deltoid or orbicular, margins entire, apices acute, obtuse or emarginate. Flowers axillary, pedunculate, solitary, or in pairs, or rarely in 3-flowered cymes. Peduncles equal to or longer than the pedicels. Bracteoles lanceolate to elliptic. Calyx lobes five, unequal, lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, apices acute, attenuate or rarely rounded with a short attenuate point. Corolla funnel-shaped, blue, white or yellow, underside with five paler, pubescent bands. Stamens 5, unequal (2 long + 3 short); filaments glabrous or glandular pubescent; anthers sagittate. Ovary narrowly conical to spheroidal, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Style glabrous. Stigma bifid, the lobes narrowly cylindrical. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. Seeds brown. Key to the species 1 Corolla yellow, style at least 1.5 times as long as stigma............................................................................................. 2 - Corolla blue or white, stigma and style +/- equal in length.......................................................................................... 3 2 Upper leaf surface pubescent; stem indumentum comprising long appressed hairs and short +/- erect hairs............................................................................................................................................................ 2a. C. supinus var. supinus - Upper leaf surface glabrous or glabrescent; stem indumentum comprising only long appressed hairs................................................................................................................................................................ 2b. C. supinus var. melliflorus 3 Leaves>2 x longer than broad; apices usually acute...........................................................................1. C. valentinus - Leaves usually <2x as long as broad; apices rounded................................................................................................. 4 4 Calyx with an indumentum comprising short, appressed hairs...................................... 3a C. sabatius subsp. sabatius - Calyx lobes sparsely to densely villous 3b C. sabatius subsp. mauritanicusPublished as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870

Convolvulus sabatius subsp. mauritanicus Murbeck 1923

3b. Convolvulus sabatius subsp. mauritanicus (Boissier) Murbeck (1923: 2) Basionym: C. mauritanicus Boissier (1839: 418). Holotype: ALGERIA. Constantine, Sejourne, s.n. (G-Boiss) Convolvulus sabatius var. atlantius Ball (1878). Basionym: C. mauritanicus Boissier (1839: 418). Holotype: Morocco, in covalle Ait Mesan, Ball s.n., 13–16 May 1871 (P!) Convolvulus sabatius f. genuinus Maire in Emberger & Maire (1929: 43), nom. non rite public. Calyx lobes sparsely to densely villous. Distribution:— Morocco (western Rif, and the High and Middle Atlas mountains) and Algeria (Kabylie and Mts de Bibans areas of Algeria; fig. 2b). This subspecies is widely cultivated as an ornamental. A specimen from Rome (Heard s.n., BM) is referable to this subspecies. We were unable to see any material from Sicily, but C. sabatius is considered introduced there (Giardina et al. 2007) and it is possible that plants from Sicily are escapes from cultivation also referable to subsp. mauritanicus . Habitat:— Dry, rocky, limestone slopes. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting April–August. Conservation:— Whilst this subspecies has a highly disjunct distribution, it is locally common or abundant and meets the criteria of Least Concern (IUCN 2001). Other specimens seen:— ALGERIA. Roches maritimes a l'Ouest de Tines, prov. D'Alger, Cosson s.n., 3 June 1875 (E, P); Montagnes du Djurdjura, pres de Bordj-Boghni, Cosson s.n., 20 June 1854 (P); Constnatine, Cosson s.n., 14 May 1853 (P); Djebel Masouf pres El Miliah, Cosson s.n., 14 July 1861 (P); H2: 30 km from Constantine to Setif, Davis 52087, 8 May 1971 (BM, E, RNG); K2: Chabet el Akra Gorge (Jurassic limestone) below Kherrata (Setif-Bejaïa), Davis 52654, 23 May 1971 (E); K2: Pic de Singes, above Bejaia (Bougie), Davis 52982, 29 May 1971 (BM, E, RNG); K1: Djurdjura: E. side of Lalla Khedidja, S. of Tizi-N'Kouillal pass, Davis 59461, 23 June 1975 (BM); Chabet el Akra Gorge (Jurassic limestone) below Kherrata (Setif-Bejaia), Davis 52654, 23 May 1971 (BM, RNG); K1: Dj. Djurdjura, near Tikjda, Davis 53070, 3 June 1971 (BM, E, RNG); C1/K2: Lower part of Ben Haroun gorge, above El Milia, Davis 58195, 22 May 1975 (BM); K1: Djurdjura: between Boghni and Tala Guilef, Davis 59309, 20 June 1975 (BM); Constantine, de la Perraudiere s.n., 14 May 1853 (MPU); Zénez, de Marsilly s.n., 1847 (P); Bougie, Delacour s.n., 29 April 1893 (P); Parc national de Djurdjura (dep. Bouira, Kabylie), flanc sud du Ras Timedouine a env. 4 km a l'est de Tikjda, Dubuis 11537, 11 June 1982 (MA, MAF, BC, RNG); Bougie, Durieu s.n., 23 March 1840 (P); Bougie, Durieu s.n., June 1839 (P); Mansourah, Durieu s.n., 22 May 1840 (P); Constantine, Durieu s.n., 27 May 1840 (P); Milah, Durieu s.n., (P); Milah, montagnes, Durieu s.n., 16 June 1840 (P); Col de Girourda/ Birourda, Gombault s.n., 10 June 1939 (P); Djemila, Gombault s.n., 13 May 1939 (P); Constantine, Joly s.n., 19 May 1911 (MPU); Busdj bua Areridj, Letourneaux s.n., May 1881 (P); Bougie, Sidi Afahia, Letourneaux s.n., 29 May 1889 (P); Djebel Chuya, Letourneaux s.n., 12 May 1887 (P); C. Bougie. Cap Casbon, Maire s.n., 5 April 1912 (MPU); Tala Ir'zer (Ouled-Massaoud), ad rupes, Paris 116, 13 June 1865 (BM); Constantine, Pomel s.n., June 1874 (MPU); Bougie, Pugsley s.n., 14 April 1922 (BM); Constantine, Reboud 184, May 1873 (P); Constantine, Reboud 184bis, May 1874 (MPU, P); Constantine: Sidi Mécid, Reboud 185, June 1873 (P); Djebel Sgao, Prov. Constantine, Reboud s.n., August 1880 (P); Massif du Chattaba [Chettaba], Reboud s.n., May 1898 (P); Bougie. (Kabylie), Reverchon 166, May 1896 (BM, E); Bougie, Reverchon (Kabyle) 166, May 1896 (MPU); Kessata (Kerrata) [Kerrata], Reverchon (Kabyle) 166, June 1897 (P); Kabylie di Collo, foret des Beni-Touffoute, tales in liseu du foret (suberaie) [Foret des Beni Toufout, Collo], Sauvage 143, 27 April 1964 (MPU); Cherchel, Turner s.n., April 1926 (BM); Colline du Konviat-ati, Bourjol s.n. (MPU); Constantine, Beguet s.n., 6 April 1861 (P); Constantine, Poisson s.n., April 1892 (P); Constantine, Gougerot-Nicot s.n., April 1936 (P) propre Bougie, Letourneaux s.n., 20 July 1884 (P). MOROCCO. GA: 7 km from Asni on road to Imlil, Ait Lafkih, Jury, Peris & Stübing 699, 19 July 1989 (RNG); Ametrasse, up track from Charafat on Bab Taza to Bab Berred road, Ait Lafkih, Carine, Jury & Rumsey 67, 4 June 2005 (BM, IAV, RNG); Above Tarhlite, on track to Talassemtane, from main Bab Taza to Bab Berred road near Charafat, Ait Lafkih, Carine, Jury & Rumsey 92, 4 June 2005 (BM, IAV, RNG); Western Rif: above Chefchaoouén and Ras el Maa, on track to Ain Tissimlane between Jbel Kelaa and Jbel Tissouka, Ait Lafkih, Carine, Jury & Rumsey 133, 6 June 2005 (BM, IAV, RNG); Western Rif Mountains, Oued Laou, Oued Tassikeste, Ait Lafkih, Carine, Jury & Rumsey 191, 7 June 2005 (BM, IAV, RNG); Western Rif, track N. of Chefchaouén around Jbel El Kelaa to Tarhzoute, Ait Lafkih, Carine, Jury & Rumsey 235, 8 June 2005 (BM, IAV, RNG); Xauen: Jbel Lakra, Hauta-el-Kasdir, Aedo, Güemes, Muñoz Garmendia, Pedrol, Rico & Sequeira CA4128, 22 June 1997 (MA); au sud de Keira, Balansa s.n., May 1867 (P); Djebel Toubkal, Balls B2858, 21 June 1936 (BM, E); Tizi’n’Test, Balls B2934, 26 June 1936 (K); Gorge of Iminouaka [Imi n' Ou Akka], Balls B.3038, 10 July 1936 (E, K); Chenoua, Battandier s.n., April 1889 (MPU); Agadir: environs 2 km avant le col du Tizi n'Test versant Taroudant (Haut Atlas), Charpin, Fernández Casas, Jacquemond & Jeanmonod MAR322, 30 May 1980 (MA); High Atlas, near Imlil Djebel Toubkal Massif, Clayton & Brinklow 11, Aug– Sept 1970 (E); GA: High Atlas. Assif-n-Ait Hkim. 0.5 km W.S.W. of Ifrane, Crane R. U. Biol. Exped. 110, 14 August 1975 (BM, RNG); J. Tisouka, above Xauen, Davis 54809, 5 July 1973 (BM, E); Maison forestiere Talate-n-Nos. Between Youkak [Ijjoukak] and Asni road Taroudant-Marrakech, de Wilde, de Wilde & Dorgelo 2174, 7 May 1961 (BM); Ait-Oudinar, el Norte de Boumalne, en las Gargantas del Dades, Fernández Casas, Muñoz Garmendia, Susanna & Telleria FC6965, 16 June 1982 (MA); Montis Kalaa, Font Quer 319, 25 May 1928 (MPU, BM, MA, BC); Magot, Font Quer s.n. (809019), 21 May 1928 (BC); Grand Atlas: talus herbeux, gorges Imi n'Ou Akka (Dj. Ghât), Gattefossé s.n., 3 Aout 1935 (MPU); Grand Atlas, Imi n'ouaka (Djebel Ghat), Gattefossé s.n. (195636), 3 August 1939 (P, MAF, BC); High Atlas, Imlil area, Goodchild 82, 22 August 1968 (BM); Ayachi: J. Ayachi, Imi n'Thand, Guinet, Sauvage & de Vilmorin 805, 3 July 1952 (MPU); Province of Beni Mellal. At entrance to Asif Arous, Harley & Lankester 105, 8 August 1964 (BM); Djebel Afrugueur, Montagnes au sud-ouest de la ville de Maroc, Ibrahim s.n., 1876 (P); Grand Atlas, Azilal a Sfrane, Jahandiez 308, 31 May 1927 (BM, E); Grand Atlas: Azilal a Ifrane, Jahandiez 308, 31 May 1927 (MA, BC); M. Grand Atlas, Reraya: Asni graviens de la riviere, Jahandiez 715, 11 June 1921 (MPU); c. 15 km from Imilchil, along track to El-Ksiba, Jury 17634, 7 July 1997 (BM, RNG, MA); 41 km north of Midelt, along road to Azrou, Jury 17852, 13 July 1997 (RNG); Gorges de l'acif-n-Ait-Oufad, piste de Demnat aux Ait Tamellil (Haute Tessaout), l'Hermite s.n., 14 July 1941 (P); Atlas Moyen, in convalle fr. Ait Menaux in siccis pr. Pag. Timitine, Lindberg 3902, 12 June 1926 (K; MPU); Azilal, High Atlas, Lynes 142, (BM); Ifrane (Rox), High Atlas, Lynes 192 (BM); Atlantis majoris monte Erdouz supra oppidium Amismiz, Maire s.n., 2 July 1925 (P, MPU); Atlante rifian, in rupestre calcareis, vallii Ametrar infra Bab Rouida, Maire s.n., 16 June 1928 (MPU); Atlas rifiano, montis Tissouka, supra Chaouen, Maire s.n., 14 June 1928 (P, MPU); Atlantis Medii montidus: An(h)ermoumou [Ahermoumou], Maire s.n., 17 June 1927 (MPU); Atlantis Medii montibus montis Sidi Ahmen [Beni Ahmed], Maire s.n., 19 June 1927 (P, MPU); Grand Atlas: Anamrou au pied du Mont Erdouz, Maire s.n., June 1925 (MPU); Atlantis majoris valle Reraya: propre Arround, Maire s.n., 19 July 1924 (P, MPU); Atlantis medi ad Tizi-n-Islit, Maire s.n., 21 June 1936 (MPU); M Grand Atlas Reraya, rocailles posphyriques pres d'Assound, Maire s.n., 23 June 1922 (MPU); Djebel Afougueur, Sud-Ouest du Maroc, Mandochée s.n., 1875 (MPU, BM); Chefchaouene. Carril de Bab taxa al Djbel Bouhalla, Mateos, Ortega & Pina 6979/97, 23 July 1995 (RNG); Chefchaouene, Djbel Bouhalla, Mateos, Ortega & Pina 7236/ 97, 25 July 1995 (RNG); Chefchaouen. Assifane. Taria, ascenso al Djebel Kharbouch, Mateos, Ramos & Villareal 6116/95, 3 May 1995 (RNG); Asni Valley, Newbould 436, 16 September 1955 (BM); c. 34 km from Chefchaouèn, 10 km above Bab Taza on track, to Jbel Talamssemtane, OPTIMA ITER V 2155, 26 June 1992 (RNG); c. 38 km from Chefchaouèn, 14 km above Bab Taza on track, to Jbel Talamssemtane, OPTIMA ITER V 2276, 26 June 1992 (RNG); Beni Snassen: Al'Youn, Aïn al Gattara, Romo, Bouhmadi, Peris & Stubing 6659, 13 April 1994 (RNG, SEV); Mgoun: Iouaridine au SE de Demnate; prive de l'Asif n Rhezef, Sauvage 11036, 20 May 1953 (MPU); Rif sur: massif calcaire central, Talekhenntjoute sur le piste de Talassenntane, Sauvage 13454, 8 June 1955 (MPU); Rif sur: J. Louizja pres Talasenntane [Talassemtane], Sauvage 13718, 10 June 1955 (MPU); Ayachi: Imi n'Shand, sochers a exposition S et S-E, Sauvage 805, 23 July 1923 (MA); Grand Atlas: Renaya, Plateau d'Asni, Sauvage 893, 2 June 1939 (MPU); Grand Atlas, near lower village of Asif Azous, Spence S.84, 31 July 1951 (E); Jebel Tisuka, Stocken 64/16, 16 May 1964 (E); Xauen, Vidal Lopez s.n. (94157), 9 June 1921 (MA); Attour, Grand Atlas, Weiller 596, 15 October 1927 (P); collines situees au sud de Keira, s.coll. s.n., May (MPU); A. Djurdjura: Tizi-n-Kouïdal, Battandier s.n. (MPU). Doubtfully native:— ITALY. Forum, Rome, Heard s.n., 1 May 1930 (BM).Published as part of Carine, Mark A. & Robba, Lavinia, 2010, Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae), pp. 1-21 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/477870