Social protection and labour market policies for vulnerable groups from a social investment perspective. The case of welfare recipients with mental health needs in England (RE-InVEST working paper series D5.1)

This study examines the impact of welfare reform on claimants with mental health needs in England, in particular the effects of the recent introduction of two social protection measures: Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) and Personal Independence Payment (PIP). Our analysis indicates that reduced access to and adequacy of benefit coverage under these reforms, particularly the elements linked to increased conditionality, have led to diminished levels of social protection for people with mental health needs. We also identify how discriminatory processes in the benefits system have negatively impacted the sense of self- respect and security experienced by claimants. Overall our data suggest that ESA and PIP processes undermine claimants’ subjective wellbeing and exacerbate experiences of mental distress. We therefore propose the term ‘benefits distress’ to describe these forms of suffering that are being institutionally propagated by UK government agencies and the corporations to which state welfare functions are outsourced. The study is part of the wider European RE-InVEST project to investigate the impact of active labour market and social protection policy on marginalised social groups since the financial crisis of 2007

Voices from the West Bank: Young People Living Under Occupation

Based on substantial research interviews with young people across the Palestinian West Bank, this book present young people's perspectives on their lives under Israeli occupation. It covers such diverse topics as arrest and imprisonment, the every day reality at check points, schooling, family, Palestinian culture, humor and fun. It also looks at divisions within Palestinian society and the resilience of young people in the face of overwhelming odds

Towards inclusive service delivery through social investment in England. An analysis of five sectors, with a particular focus on mental health

This report examines trends in social investment in England following the financial crisis of 2007/8. The first section considers social investment in relation to four policy arenas: housing, financial services, early childhood education and care, and water. The second part of the report provides an overview of social investment and disinvestment trends in the healthcare system in England since the 1990s with a particular focus on mental health services. This section includes a detailed account of service users’ and professionals’ experiences of the impact of liberalisation and austerity measures on mental health service delivery drawing on qualitative data collection. Throughout the report we identify policy recommendations to address the effects and impacts of emergent trends towards social disinvestment and liberalisation of public services. This study is part of the wider pan-European RE-InVEST project to investigate the impact of the EU Social Investment package on marginalised groups since the 2007 crisis

APOE Isoforms Control Pathogenic Subretinal Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

International audienc

Factors contributing to the temperature beneath plaster or fiberglass cast material

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most cast materials mature and harden via an exothermic reaction. Although rare, thermal injuries secondary to casting can occur. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors that contribute to the elevated temperature beneath a cast and, more specifically, evaluate the differences of modern casting materials including fiberglass and prefabricated splints.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The temperature beneath various types (plaster, fiberglass, and fiberglass splints), brands, and thickness of cast material were measured after they were applied over thermometer which was on the surface of a single diameter and thickness PVC tube. A single layer of cotton stockinette with variable layers and types of cast padding were placed prior to application of the cast. Serial temperature measurements were made as the cast matured and reached peak temperature. Time to peak, duration of peak, and peak temperature were noted. Additional tests included varying the dip water temperature and assessing external insulating factors. Ambient temperature, ambient humidity and dip water freshness were controlled.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Outcomes revealed that material type, cast thickness, and dip water temperature played key roles regarding the temperature beneath the cast. Faster setting plasters achieved peak temperature quicker and at a higher level than slower setting plasters. Thicker fiberglass and plaster casts led to greater peak temperature levels. Likewise increasing dip-water temperature led to elevated temperatures. The thickness and type of cast padding had less of an effect for all materials. With a definition of thermal injury risk of skin injury being greater than 49 degrees Celsius, we found that thick casts of extra fast setting plaster consistently approached dangerous levels (greater than 49 degrees for an extended period). Indeed a cast of extra-fast setting plaster, 20 layers thick, placed on a pillow during maturation maintained temperatures over 50 degrees of Celsius for over 20 minutes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Clinicians should be cautious when applying thick casts with warm dip water. Fast setting plasters have increased risk of thermal injury while brand does not appear to play a significant role. Prefabricated fiberglass splints appear to be safer than circumferential casts. The greatest risk of thermal injury occurs when thick casts are allowed to mature while resting on pillow.</p

Apolipoprotein E promotes subretinal mononuclear phagocyte survival and chronic inflammation in age-related macular degeneration

International audiencePhysiologically, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) expresses immunosuppressive signals such as FAS ligand (FASL), which prevents the accumulation of leukocytes in the subretinal space. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with a breakdown of the subretinal immunosuppressive environment and chronic accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). We show that subretinal MPs in AMD patients accumulate on the RPE and express high levels of APOE. MPs of Cx3cr1 À/À mice that develop MP accumulation on the RPE, photoreceptor degeneration, and increased choroidal neovascularization similarly express high levels of APOE. ApoE deletion in Cx3cr1 À/À mice prevents patho-genic age-and stress-induced subretinal MP accumulation. We demonstrate that increased APOE levels induce IL-6 in MPs via the activation of the TLR2-CD14-dependent innate immunity receptor cluster. IL-6 in turn represses RPE FasL expression and prolongs subretinal MP survival. This mechanism may account, in part, for the MP accumulation observed in Cx3cr1 À/À mice. Our results underline the inflammatory role of APOE in sterile inflammation in the immunosuppressive subretinal space. They provide rationale for the implication of IL-6 in AMD and open avenues toward therapies inhibiting pathogenic chronic inflammation in late AMD

"No Poll Tax Here!": The Tories, social policy and the great poll tax rebellion, 1987-1991

About the book: For too long the collective struggles of the oppressed over welfare provision and welfare settlement have been ignored, yet such struggles punctuate recent British history. By presenting a series of case-studies of episodes of collective action from the field of social policy and social welfare, Class Struggle and Welfare aims to rediscover this 'hidden history'. Organised chronologically, the book covers some of the most important welfare struggles from the early nineteenth century. Some of the issues covered are:- *the growth of capitalism *the development of the poor laws and the anti-poor law movement *working class self-help welfare in the nineteenth century *rent strikes on the Clyde in 1920s *the squatters movement in the 1950s *the struggle for abortion rights *an analysis of the urban riots in the 1980s *the great poll tax rebellion

Introduction: Class struggle and social policy

About the book: For too long the collective struggles of the oppressed over welfare provision and welfare settlement have been ignored, yet such struggles punctuate recent British history. By presenting a series of case-studies of episodes of collective action from the field of social policy and social welfare, Class Struggle and Welfare aims to rediscover this 'hidden history'. Organised chronologically, the book covers some of the most important welfare struggles from the early nineteenth century. Some of the issues covered are:- *the growth of capitalism *the development of the poor laws and the anti-poor law movement *working class self-help welfare in the nineteenth century *rent strikes on the Clyde in 1920s *the squatters movement in the 1950s *the struggle for abortion rights *an analysis of the urban riots in the 1980s *the great poll tax rebellion

The Scottish state and the criminalisation of football fans

Paper explores the policing of 'ultras' fans in Scotland, focusing on the 'Green Brigade' group at Celtic. It raises issues about the classed nature of the policing of football fans and calls into question the role of the Scottish Government and Scottish State more generally in the policing of working class football fans