An alternative option to the dual-probe out-of-ecliptic mission via Jupiter swingby

The possibility of having a high-inclination out-of-the-ecliptic probe complemented by a second probe going from Jupiter to the sun along a rectilinear path (at least for the segment from 0.3 a.u. inward to the sun) is theoretically examined. Orbit calculations of spacecraft trajectories are included

Distal radius fractures in children: substantial difference in stability between buckle and greenstick fractures

Background and purpose Numerous follow-up visits for wrist fractures in children are performed without therapeutic consequences. We investigated the degree to which the follow-up visits reveal complications and lead to change in management. The stability of greenstick and buckle fractures of the distal radius was assessed by comparing the lateral angulation radiographically

Topology and Object Formation

Drawing on the Luhmannian reading of objects as self-referential constructs, this theoretical reflection explores some possible synergies between topological thinking and Social Systems theory, in order to account on the issue of object formation from a spatial perspective. By discussing the dynamics between different modes of observing and the emergence of systems’ functions, I argue that the operative space of systems, mobilised as a communication medium, channels the emergence of particular object configurations, while obstructing others. I elaborate on this perspective to provide a possible way of addressing the interplay between objects and the operative space of systems, through a topological understanding of observation. There is a brief conclusion pointing to the main challenges and potential of further developing these ideas

A justiça, o direito e os bancos de dados epidemiológicos Justice, law and epidemiological data bases

A compreensão das características do direito do século XXI, que enfrenta uma crise de legitimidade, e das grandes linhas que definem o relacionamento entre a sociedade e a ciência nesse século, marcado pelo risco e, conseqüentemente, pelo medo, sustentam a busca do justo equilíbrio entre a proteção individual e o desenvolvimento coletivo empreendida. Esse exercício foi realizado tendo como objeto os bancos de dados epidemiológicos. Examinou-se o interesse social, que pretende ter à disposição bancos de dados com as mais completas informações sobre todos os aspectos da vida das pessoas, e o interesse individual, que espera o máximo respeito à esfera da vida privada de cada membro da sociedade. Conclui-se que o direito na "sociedade do risco" demanda a construção de mecanismos que permitam a decisão e o controle públicos, de todos os cidadãos, a respeito do grau de risco que pretendem correr. No caso em exame, comissões de cidadãos, peritos e populares deveriam opinar sobre a construção, a alimentação e o uso dos bancos de dados. Nesse caso, seria importante, também, tornar acessível para todos os operadores do sistema jurídico as informações relativas a tais temas do direito sanitário.<br>An understanding of the characteristics of the law in the XXI century, facing a crisis of legitimacy characterized by risk and thus fear as the main lines defining the relationship between the society and science blur, supports the quest for a fair balance between individual protection and public development. This exercise was conducted with epidemiological data bases as its purpose. The interests of society that require data bases to be made available with full information on all aspects of people's lives were examined, in parallel to individual interests that demand the utmost respect for the private life of each member of society. The conclusion is that, in a risk society, the law requires the construction of mechanisms that allow public decision and control by all citizens of level of risk they are willing to accept. For the matter under examination, committees of citizens and experts, as well as grassroots groups, should decide on the construction, inputs and use of data bases. It would also be important to provide all practitioners within the legal system with information related to such subjects as health law