The Union of Law and Equity: The United States, 1800-1938

David Dudley Field was the architect of the union – or fusion or merger – of equity and law in New York state, and the Field Code was widely adopted in other states. Field’s vision of the union of law and equity has prevailed in the United States, including at the federal level, at least in theory. However, the practise of law and acts of the courts indicate that the reality is rather different. Equity was not sundered by the Field Code or its federal counterpart, the Federal Code of Civil Procedure 1938. Equity continues to operate distinctly in various ways, even if it is less well understood now. Field’s own behaviour as an attorney was also ambivalent: where he maintained a strong posture against equity in theory, his practice as an attorney revealed his willingness to continue to recognise and rely on equity even under his Code

La prise en compte des externalités négatives en droit public

International audienc

The general Code on public property and identification of the local property

L’entrée en vigueur du code général de la propriété des personnes publiques le 26 avril 2006 a profondément modifié la perception du patrimoine des collectivités territoriales. Le code permet, d’une part, de consacrer le statut de propriétaire de l’ensemble des collectivités territoriales et, d’autre part, de resserrer le périmètre de leur patrimoine relevant du régime de la domanialité publique. Les critères d’identification du domaine public immobilier tendent à limiter les possibilités d’extension de son champ d’application tandis que la création d’une nouvelle définition du domaine public mobilier vise à restreindre l’application des règles de la domanialité publique aux seuls biens présentant un intérêt public culturel. L’identification du patrimoine local souffre cependant toujours d’imperfections. En raison de la technique de codification à droit non constant, les modifications apportées par le code doivent désormais s’analyser à travers une jurisprudence souvent hésitante dans son application des nouveaux critères. Les règles relatives à l’application temporelle du code reportent pour l’instant sa mise en œuvre et le juge tente parfois maladroitement de combler le vide. Et si la codification a réussi à consacrer le statut de propriétaire des collectivités territoriales, la maîtrise in fine de leur patrimoine relève toujours de l’Etat, propriétaire éminent.The perception of local authorities assets has been significantly changed by the entry into force of the general Code on public property on 26 April 2006. The code sanctions the local ownership status and tighten the criteria of the public domain. The possibilities of extending the scope of the public domain tend to be tighten by those criteria, while a new definition of movable property limits the application of public domain's law to cultural interest goods. However, the identification of local heritage continues suffering from several defects. The specificities of this “non-constant” codification means that all the code's innovations have to be analysed through the jurispridence which is still hesitant with the new criteria. The rules relating to the temporary application of the code postpone his setting-up.and the judge often makes incovenient decisions. Lastly, even if the codification succed in sanctioning the ownership status of local authorities, the general control of territorial authorities ownership is still coming within the competency of the State

Variable speed diesel power generation design issues

Diesel powered electric generators supply power to isolated grids around the world, often operating at low average load. The addition of renewable power to save fuel reduces engine load even further. This low load operation results in poor fuel efficiency and increased maintenance due to engine fouling, especially in cold ambient conditions. Variable speed operation of these diesel generator sets has been studied, in general, and as a solution to efficiency and fouling problems. Variable speed operation requires the addition of a supervisory controller and an electronic power converter to provide constant frequency power. Conclusions are based on testing of diesel generators and thermodynamic and dynamic modeling. Tests included steady state tests of two diesel generators (5 kW and 15 kW systems) and tests of a prototype 5 kW variable speed system. Heat release, combustion duration, and cylinder gas temperatures were derived from cylinder pressure data. System component design and the effects of component limitations on variable speed operation are discussed. Once a variable speed operating strategy is determined for a sample 15 kW system, test data are used to determine fuel savings and to estimate the potential for improvements in emissions, cold weather fouling, and engine wear. Results show that variable speed systems are most applicable where the peak power system capability is large compared to the average load. In existing, isolated power systems fuel savings could be as high as 40% of annual fuel. A comparison of combustion conditions between constant speed and variable speed operation of diesel generator sets shows that unburned hydrocarbon emissions from local overleaning, wall quenching, and bulk quenching of combustion should be reduced with variable speed operation. Likewise, particulate emissions and low load, cold weather engine fouling should be reduced. The effects on other sources of unburned hydrocarbon emissions and on NOx emissions are ambiguous. An analysis of corrosive and abrasive wear mechanisms shows that engine wear need not be a concern with variable speed operation. The analysis also discusses factors affecting variable speed operation of diesel generator sets larger than those tested in this study

Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques et identification du patrimoine des collectivités territoriales.

The perception of local authorities assets has been significantly changed by the entry into force of the general Code on public property on 26 April 2006. The code sanctions the local ownership status and tighten the criteria of the public domain. The possibilities of extending the scope of the public domain tend to be tighten by those criteria, while a new definition of movable property limits the application of public domain's law to cultural interest goods. However, the identification of local heritage continues suffering from several defects. The specificities of this “non-constant” codification means that all the code's innovations have to be analysed through the jurispridence which is still hesitant with the new criteria. The rules relating to the temporary application of the code postpone his setting-up.and the judge often makes incovenient decisions. Lastly, even if the codification succed in sanctioning the ownership status of local authorities, the general control of territorial authorities ownership is still coming within the competency of the State.L’entrée en vigueur du code général de la propriété des personnes publiques le 26 avril 2006 a profondément modifié la perception du patrimoine des collectivités territoriales. Le code permet, d’une part, de consacrer le statut de propriétaire de l’ensemble des collectivités territoriales et, d’autre part, de resserrer le périmètre de leur patrimoine relevant du régime de la domanialité publique. Les critères d’identification du domaine public immobilier tendent à limiter les possibilités d’extension de son champ d’application tandis que la création d’une nouvelle définition du domaine public mobilier vise à restreindre l’application des règles de la domanialité publique aux seuls biens présentant un intérêt public culturel. L’identification du patrimoine local souffre cependant toujours d’imperfections. En raison de la technique de codification à droit non constant, les modifications apportées par le code doivent désormais s’analyser à travers une jurisprudence souvent hésitante dans son application des nouveaux critères. Les règles relatives à l’application temporelle du code reportent pour l’instant sa mise en œuvre et le juge tente parfois maladroitement de combler le vide. Et si la codification a réussi à consacrer le statut de propriétaire des collectivités territoriales, la maîtrise in fine de leur patrimoine relève toujours de l’Etat, propriétaire éminent

Proclamation. au nom de la republique. Française, Laussat, Préfet colonial, aux Louisianais ... A la Nouvelle-Orléans ... An XI de la Republique française. [1802].

Imprint 3.; Proclamation

Discours sur l'abbé Suger et sur son siècle, par M. de Laussat. Nouvelle édition

Avec mode text

Laussat, député au Corps législatif... à ses commettans, sur la révolution des 18 et 19 brumaire. [20 brumaire an VIII.]

Avec mode text

Des scissions, et des principes à suivre par le Corps législatif dans le jugement qui lui est délégué de la validité des élections , par P.-C. Laussat,...

Avec mode text

A treatise of equity : with the addition of marginal references and notes /

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