El conflicto del Sáhara Occidental desde una perspectiva de derecho internacional público ¿hay soluciones posibles?

Western Sahara is one of the last territories to be decolonized according to the United Nations Organization, since it has been occupied by Morocco for over forty years and under agreements in which Spain illegally transfers the administration of the territory. According to article seventy three of the Charter, the decolonization process will solely culminate when the self-determination of the subjugated people is successfully exercised; however, Morocco has been preventing the holding of the referendum since the signing of the Peace Plan, while systematically violating the human rights of the Saharawi population. The UN has spoken out in defense of international legality, while Spain and the international community decide to turn a blind eye and draw ties with the Moroccan government. Studying the origin and development of the conflict throughout history to analyze what is the true role of international organizations and what is the current situation, in order to propose possible solutions to it, is the main objective of this work.El Sáhara Occidental es uno de los últimos territorios que queda por descolonizar según la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, pues lleva siendo ocupado por Marruecos desde hace más de cuarenta años y en amparo de unos acuerdos en los que España traspasa ilícitamente la administración del territorio. A tenor del artículo 73 de la Carta el proceso de descolonización solo culminará cuando se ejerza efectivamente la autodeterminación del pueblo sometido; no obstante, Marruecos lleva impidiendo la celebración del referéndum desde la firma del Plan de Paz, mientras viola sistemáticamente los derechos humanos de la población saharaui. La ONU se ha pronunciado en defensa de la legalidad internacional, mientras que España y la comunidad internacional miran para otro lado y trazan lazos con el gobierno marroquí. Estudiar el origen y desarrollo del conflicto a lo largo de la historia para analizar cuál es el verdadero papel que ostentan las organizaciones internacionales y cuál es la situación actual, de cara a plantear posibles soluciones al mismo, es el principal objeto de este trabajo

Nueva terapia con anticuerpos monoclonales para el tratamiento de la dermatitis atópica canina

Dentro de las patologías dermatológicas más importantes en la especie canina destaca la dermatitis atópica. La dermatitis atópica canina (DAC) es una enfermedad alérgica, inflamatoria y con una fuerte predisposición genética en algunas razas de perro, cuyo síntoma principal es el prurito. El diagnóstico de la DAC es principalmente clínico y se basa en la presencia de una serie de aspectos clínicos característicos (Criterios de Favrot) junto con la exclusión de otras enfermedades pruriginosas. Existen unas recomendaciones internacionales para el tratamiento de los perros con dermatitis atópica. El enfoque terapéutico tradicional es distinto para los casos agudos y crónicos, pero en ambos se basa en identificar y evitar en la medida de lo posible los factores desencadenantes, mantener la integridad de la barrera cutánea y administrar sustancias antipruriginosas que ayuden a controlar los signos clínicos, como los glucocorticoides, la ciclosporina y el oclacitinib. Este tratamiento combinado suele ser necesario de por vida, lo que incrementa el riesgo de aparición de efectos secundarios, graves en algunas ocasiones, y que reducen la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Es por esto que en los últimos años, numerosas investigaciones se han centrado en la búsqueda de fármacos eficaces y más seguros para el control de los signos clínicos de la DAC. Recientemente, la terapia con anticuerpos monoclonales se está empleando dentro del manejo terapéutico en perros atópicos con un alto margen de seguridad. Concretamente, un anticuerpo monoclonal (lokivetmab) ha sido comercializado con este fin. Su mecanismo de acción se basa en bloquear la IL-31, una interleuquina que ha demostrado tener un papel esencial en el desarrollo del prurito en la DAC

Impacto del período de recría en pastoreo y terminación a corral sobre parámetros de calidad de la carne vacuna almacenada

El daño oxidativo es el principal factor no microbiológico responsable del deterioro de la carne.Dicho factor constituye una de las principales causas de retención de los productos en el mercado debido a la pérdida de calidad durante el almacenamiento (Hur et. al, 2007; Faustman et. al, 2010). La estabilidad oxidativa de los lípidos de la carnes dependiente el balance entre los componentes antioxidantes y pro-oxidantes del músculo. Dada la necesidad de incrementar los índices productivos, los sistemas actuales de producción de carne vacuna en Argentina se encuentran cada vez más intensificados, llegando inclusive encierres totales durante la fase de terminación de los animales. Esto podría impactar directamente sobre aspectos de calidad de carne, en especial su estabilidad oxidativa durante el almacenamiento.Una mayor inclusión de granos en la dieta de los animales generaría un impacto negativo en la estabilidad oxidativa de la carne (Warren et. al., 2008; Luciano et. al., 2013), disminuyendo así su vida útil en estante.Un incremento en el nivel de pasturas permitiría una mayor incorporación de antioxidantes naturales(tocoferol y caroteno) en el músculo (De La Fuente et. al., 2009; Quaresma, 2012); es de esperar, por lo tanto, que un mayor nivel de pastoreo durante la recría de los novillos amortigüe el impacto negativo que se generaría sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de la carne si, con el objetivo de mejorar los índices productivos, se incrementaran los niveles de granos en la dieta de los novillos en terminación.El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto que los diferentes períodos de recría en pasturas (0, 49 y 98 días) y períodos de terminación a corral (49 y 98 días) ejercen sobre parámetros de estabilidad oxidativa de la carne almacenada por 4 y8 días en condiciones aeróbicas

Family involvement in the educational center: Perception of families and teachers

José Alexis Alonso Sánchez – Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - 0000-0002-3815-0093Laura del Carmen Ramos García – Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - 0009-0003-5477-9638Recepción: 03.11.2023 | Aceptado: 23.11.2023Correspondencia a través de ORCID: José Alexis Alonso-Sánchez - 0000-0002-3815-0093Área o categoría del conocimiento: Ciencias de la EducaciónLa participación de las familias en los centros educativos sigue siendo una tarea pendiente. Así, se ha considerado el estudio de su percepción desde la perspectiva de las familias y de los docentes, abarcando todas las etapas educativas. Se han desarrollado dos estudios, uno con una muestra de 209 familias, utilizando una escala validada mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, con un coeficiente de fiabilidad de α Cronbach y de ω de McDonald’s de 0,97. El segundo estudio, mediante una escala administrada a 113 docentes, fue validada mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio, para observar la relación de los factores con los diferentes ítems y, luego, a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, obteniendo una validez excelente y una fiabilidad de Alfa de Cronbach y de Omega de McDonald’s de 0.91 y 0.90, respectivamente. Los resultados han reflejado que las familias poseen, en líneas generales, una concepción sobre el nivel de su propia participación mayor que la de los docentes. Además, la participación es mayor en la etapa de Educación Primaria. Entre las conclusiones cabe destacar la influencia del entorno en la percepción sobre la participación familiar, por lo que resulta necesario conocer las necesidades de las familias y de los centros educativos para, de este modo, poder proponer programas y elaborar estrategias que la fomenten.Abstract: The participation of families in educational centers remains an outstanding task. Thus, the study of their perception has been considered from both the families' and teachers' perspectives, covering all educational stages. Two studies have been conducted, one with a sample of 209 families, using a scale validated through confirmatory factor analysis, with a reliability coefficient of α Cronbach and ω McDonald's of 0.97. The second study, using a scale administered to 113 teachers, was validated through exploratory factor analysis to observe the relationship of factors with different items. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, obtaining excellent validity and reliability with Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. The results have reflected that, in general, families have a conception of their own participation level higher than that of teachers. Additionally, participation is higher in the Primary Education stage. Among the conclusions, it is noteworthy to highlight the influence of the environment on the perception of family participation. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the needs of families and educational centers in order to propose programs and develop strategies that promote it.Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canari

Heat application on lumbar and suprapubic pain during the onset of labour using a new abdominal two-pocket belt: a randomised and controlled trial

Background: midwives from the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit at University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, have developed a device for the application of thermal therapy on lumbar and suprapubical areas when labour pain appears. Objective: To assess the beneficial effects of heat application on lumbo-suprapubical pain during initial stages of labour. Study design: Randomized, parallel, open, non-blind clinical trial. Methods: Participants were pregnant women in the prodromal, early and active labour (up to 4-5cm of dilation), with lumbo-suprapubic pain. The study was conducted in the delivery ward of Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, in Badalona (Catalonia, Spain) during 2017-2018. One hundred and thirty-four childbearing women giving birth between September 2017 and March 2018 participated. The intervention group (n=67) received local heat at a temperature between 38-39C on the lumbo-suprapubic areas for 30 minutes using an elastic pelvic belt as a pain relief device and was compared to a control group in which no heat was used. Primary outcomes were: pain level perception measured with a Visual Analogic Scale and a satisfaction index regarding the utilization of the belt device in the intervention group by using a specific ad-hoc non-validated questionnaire designed for the study. Results: Among the 134 participants: 41% (55) were in prodromal labour, 53.7% (72) in early labour and 5.2% (7) in active labour (up to ≤ 4-5cm); groups were not balanced for the phases of labour. Pre-intervention pain level in the intervention group was 0.71 points higher (6.28 ± 1.59) than in the control group (5.57 ± 1.87) p=0.02. At 30 minutes of heat application, pain level in the study group decreased 0.65 points (5.88±1.82) while it increased in the control group (6.53 ± 1.85) p=0.046. The difference between basal pain level and post-intervention, was 0.39 ± 1.35 in the intervention group while in the control group it was 0.95 ± 1.11 (p=0.000) in the Visual Analogic Scale. The global satisfaction index for the pelvic elastic belt was 15.38 ± 2.15 (range 5-19) which corresponds to 80.94% over 100% of the maximal punctuation. Conclusion: Heat application on both lumbar and suprapubic areas in case of labour pain is effective in relieving pain. The heat pads subjection device, a new abdominal two-pocket belt, obtained a positive feedback from women in the study group who used it and answered the satisfaction questionnaire

Mindfulness and grief: The MADED program mindfulness for the acceptance of pain and emotions in grief

Objetivo: diseñar un protocolo de intervención psicológica para el acompañamiento del dolor y las emociones en el proceso de duelo basado en la atención y la compasión. Método: se incluirán dolientes mayores de 18 años, que hayan perdido al familiar al menos hace 6 meses, que se encuentren en la fase 2 o 3 de elaboración del duelo y sin presencia de problemas de salud mental previa. Se les evaluará después de firmar el consentimiento informado, mediante: el Cuestionario de Mindfulness, el Cuestionario de Satisfacción con la Vida, el Cuestionario de Vitalidad, la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión, la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo e Inventario de Duelo Complicado. Se llevarán a cabo: estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas t para muestras independientes y d de Cohen o prueba U de Mann-Whitney r de Rosenthal si no se cumplen los supuestos. Además, se llevará a cabo un ANCOVA junto a eta cuadrado parcial. Resultado: el programa MADED (Mindfulness para la aceptación del dolor y las emociones en el duelo), consta de nueve sesiones semanales. Conclusión: Las sesiones que componen el programa facilitan la elaboración saludable del proceso de duelo basándose en la integración de los principios del mindfulness

Year-round individual specialization in the feeding ecology of a long-lived seabird

Many generalist species are composed of individuals varying in the size of their realized niches within a population. To understand the underlying causes and implications of this phenomenon, repeated samplings on the same individuals subjected to different environmental conditions are needed. Here, we studied individual specialization of feeding strategies in breeding and non-breeding grounds of Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris borealis) for 2-8 years, and its relationship with fitness. Individuals were relatively flexible in non-breeding destinations, but specialized in diet, habitat use and daily activity across years. Daily activity was also consistent throughout the year for the same individual, suggesting that it is driven by individual constraints, whereas individual diet and habitat use changed between breeding and non-breeding grounds, indicating that these specializations may be learned at each area. Moreover, individuals that were intermediate specialized in their diet tended to show higher breeding success than those with weakly and highly specialized diets, suggesting stabilizing selection. Overall, this study suggests that the development of individual specialization is more flexible than previously thought, i.e. it emerges under specific environmental conditions and can develop differently when environmental conditions vary. However, once established, individual specialization may compromise the ability of individuals to cope with environmental stochasticity

Long-Term Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease Patients: The SUSTAIN Study

Crohn’s disease; Effectiveness; UstekinumabEnfermedad de Crohn; Eficacia; UstekinumabMalaltia de Crohn; Efectivitat; UstekinumabBackground Large real-world-evidence studies are required to confirm the durability of response, effectiveness, and safety of ustekinumab in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients in real-world clinical practice. Methods A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted in Spain in patients with active CD who had received ≥1 intravenous dose of ustekinumab for ≥6 months. Primary outcome was ustekinumab retention rate; secondary outcomes were to identify predictive factors for drug retention, short-term remission (week 16), loss of response and predictive factors for short-term efficacy and loss of response, and ustekinumab safety. Results A total of 463 patients were included. Mean baseline Harvey-Bradshaw Index was 8.4. A total of 447 (96.5%) patients had received prior biologic therapy, 141 (30.5%) of whom had received ≥3 agents. In addition, 35.2% received concomitant immunosuppressants, and 47.1% had ≥1 abdominal surgery. At week 16, 56% had remission, 70% had response, and 26.1% required dose escalation or intensification; of these, 24.8% did not subsequently reduce dose. After a median follow-up of 15 months, 356 (77%) patients continued treatment. The incidence rate of ustekinumab discontinuation was 18% per patient-year of follow-up. Previous intestinal surgery and concomitant steroid treatment were associated with higher risk of ustekinumab discontinuation, while a maintenance schedule every 12 weeks had a lower risk; neither concomitant immunosuppressants nor the number of previous biologics were associated with ustekinumab discontinuation risk. Fifty adverse events were reported in 39 (8.4%) patients; 4 of them were severe (2 infections, 1 malignancy, and 1 fever). Conclusions Ustekinumab is effective and safe as short- and long-term treatment in a refractory cohort of CD patients in real-world clinical practice.This work was supported by Janssen-Cilag Spain. This sponsor had a partial role in study design, analysis, and interpretation of data. Medical writing and editorial assistance for the preparation of this article was funded by Janssen-Cilag Spain. This assistance was provided by the following individuals, who are either employees of Springer Healthcare Communications (S.H.C.), or were contracted by S.H.C. to undertake editorial work in connection with the preparation of the article: Eliana Mesa, MD, Sheridan Henness, PhD, Fernando Sánchez Barbero, PhD

Non surgical periodontal treatment in patients with gingivitis and moderate periodontitis. Biochemical and microbiological response

AbstractObjectiveTo ascertain inflammatory response through interleukin 1β presence and identify pathogenic microorganisms as possible immunological and microbiological markers in diagnosis and treatment non-surgical periodontal in patients with gingivitis and moderate chronic periodontitis in a sample of Mexican population.Material and methodsIn the present prospective cohort study, 18 patients with signs of gingivitis and 17 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were selected. Samples of subgingival biofilm and of crevicular gingival fluid were collected. Interleukin 1β was quantified during the pre-treatment, post-treatment and maintenance phases of the non- surgical periodontal treatment. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Student test, as well as categorical variables which were analyzed with the Turkey-Kramer test. For independent groups the Pearson test was used.ResultsMicrobiological response variables showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans significantly decreased in subjects with gingivitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Actinomyces ssp. decreased in cases. Biochemical response variables showed significant decrease in IL-1β concentration and total count in individuals with moderate chronic periodontitis in treatment maintenance phase. The same result applied to clinical response variables.ConclusionsThere is a decrease in Interleukine 1β levels with decrease in microflora. Interleukin 1β are sensitive markers for diagnosis of periodontal disease and assessment of its severity

Using Interpretable Machine Learning to Identify Baseline Predictive Factors of Remission and Drug Durability in Crohn’s Disease Patients on Ustekinumab

Malaltia de Crohn; Factors predictius; UstekinumabEnfermedad de Crohn; Factores predictivos; UstekinumabCrohn’s disease; Predictive factors; UstekinumabUstekinumab has shown efficacy in Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients. To identify patient profiles of those who benefit the most from this treatment would help to position this drug in the therapeutic paradigm of CD and generate hypotheses for future trials. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether baseline patient characteristics are predictive of remission and the drug durability of ustekinumab, and whether its positioning with respect to prior use of biologics has a significant effect after correcting for disease severity and phenotype at baseline using interpretable machine learning. Patients’ data from SUSTAIN, a retrospective multicenter single-arm cohort study, were used. Disease phenotype, baseline laboratory data, and prior treatment characteristics were documented. Clinical remission was defined as the Harvey Bradshaw Index ≤ 4 and was tracked longitudinally. Drug durability was defined as the time until a patient discontinued treatment. A total of 439 participants from 60 centers were included and a total of 20 baseline covariates considered. Less exposure to previous biologics had a positive effect on remission, even after controlling for baseline disease severity using a non-linear, additive, multivariable model. Additionally, age, body mass index, and fecal calprotectin at baseline were found to be statistically significant as independent negative risk factors for both remission and drug survival, with further risk factors identified for remission.This work was supported by Janssen-Cilag Spain. This sponsor had a partial role in study design, analysis, and interpretation of data