Effects of predation on the ecology of Arctic-nesting shorebirds

L'hypothèse des proies alternatives suggère que la réponse fonctionnelle et numérique des prédateurs à la fluctuation des populations de proies influence le risque de prédation annuel sur d'autres proies comme les œufs d'oiseaux. Dans certains systèmes du Haut-Arctique caractérisés par des populations cycliques de lemmings, le comportement de changement de préférence des prédateurs a été mis en lien avec les fluctuations observées chez des populations d'oiseaux co-existantes. Le but général de cette thèse était d'étudier les effets en cascade des interactions prédateur-proie sur une proie alternative, les œufs d'oiseaux de rivage. Les deux principaux objectifs étaient : 1) d'étudier les effets de l'abondance de proies préférées (lemmings) et de proies alternatives (oies), sur les tendances temporelles et spatiales du risque de prédation et de la survie des nids d'oiseaux de rivage, et 2) d'investiguer les tendances spatiales du risque de prédation à grande échelle dans l'Arctique canadien. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, des données sur le risque de prédation (mesuré à l'aide de nids artificiels) et sur la survie des nids d'oiseaux de rivage (mesurée avec les nids naturels) ont été recueillies sur une période de 5 ans à l'île Bylot (Nunavut). Des données sur l'identité et l'activité des prédateurs (par caméra) ainsi que l'abondance des prédateurs (renard arctique) et l'abondance des proies alternatives (lemmings et oies) ont également été recueillies. Pour caractériser les tendances à grande échelle spatiale, le risque de prédation sur des nids artificiels a été mesuré à 7 sites le long d'un gradient latitudinal de 3350 km dans l'Arctique canadien. À l'île Bylot, les caméras de surveillance ont révélé que le renard arctique est le principal prédateur des œufs dans les nids artificiels de même que dans les véritables nids d'oiseaux de rivage. Les données récoltées sur une période de 5 ans ont démontré un effet négatif significatif de l'abondance de lemmings sur le risque de prédation. Les probabilités de survie des nids artificiels étaient quant à elles reliées négativement à l'abondance de renards mais, positivement à l'abondance d'oiseaux prédateurs. De même, le meilleur facteur expliquant les variations interannuelles de la survie journalière des nids d'oiseaux de rivage était l'abondance de lemmings. En effet, la survie des nids fut plus basse dans les années de faible abondance de lemmings. Les risques de prédation des nids d'oiseaux de rivage dans une colonie d'oies étaient positivement reliés à la densité de nids d'oies. Toutefois cette relation était forte et significative seulement l'année de faible abondance de lemmings, soit une augmentation de près de 600% quand la densité de nids d'oies est passée de 0 à 24 nids par hectare. Puisque nous avons confirmé que le renard arctique est un prédateur commun des lemmings, des œufs d'oies et des œufs d'oiseaux de rivage, ces données supportent l'hypothèse d'effets en cascade de l'abondance des proies préférées et alternatives sur le risque de prédation de proies accidentelles comme les oiseaux de rivage. En ce qui a trait au risque de prédation à plus grande échelle spatiale, nous avons observé une diminution significative du risque de prédation avec la latitude, ce qui indique que les oiseaux qui migrent plus vers le nord peuvent bénéficier d'avantages en termes de reproduction sous la forme d'une diminution du risque de prédation des nids. Sur la base de ces résultats, le risque de prédation semble jouer, à plusieurs échelles spatiales, un rôle central dans l'écologie de la reproduction des oiseaux de rivage nichant dans l'Arctique. Les recherches futures devraient étudier les mécanismes qui relient les interactions trophiques des proies préférées, alternatives et accidentelles à l'échelle locale avec les tendances à grande échelle spatiale du risque de prédation sur les oiseaux nichant dans l'Arctique.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : risque de prédation, proies alternatives, oiseaux de rivage, oies, lemming

OER: Open Educational Resources

Presentation for the Tarrant County College Northwest Campus discussing copyright, open educational resources, and creative commons licensing

Copyright, Open Access, and Library Instruction

Article discussing copyright, open access, and library instruction

Kv2.1 channels play opposing roles in regulating membrane potential, Ca2+ channel function, and myogenic tone in arterial smooth muscle.

The accepted role of the protein Kv2.1 in arterial smooth muscle cells is to form K+ channels in the sarcolemma. Opening of Kv2.1 channels causes membrane hyperpolarization, which decreases the activity of L-type CaV1.2 channels, lowering intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and causing smooth muscle relaxation. A limitation of this model is that it is based exclusively on data from male arterial myocytes. Here, we used a combination of electrophysiology as well as imaging approaches to investigate the role of Kv2.1 channels in male and female arterial myocytes. We confirmed that Kv2.1 plays a canonical conductive role but found it also has a structural role in arterial myocytes to enhance clustering of CaV1.2 channels. Less than 1% of Kv2.1 channels are conductive and induce membrane hyperpolarization. Paradoxically, by enhancing the structural clustering and probability of CaV1.2-CaV1.2 interactions within these clusters, Kv2.1 increases Ca2+ influx. These functional impacts of Kv2.1 depend on its level of expression, which varies with sex. In female myocytes, where expression of Kv2.1 protein is higher than in male myocytes, Kv2.1 has conductive and structural roles. Female myocytes have larger CaV1.2 clusters, larger [Ca2+]i, and larger myogenic tone than male myocytes. In contrast, in male myocytes, Kv2.1 channels regulate membrane potential but not CaV1.2 channel clustering. We propose a model in which Kv2.1 function varies with sex: in males, Kv2.1 channels control membrane potential but, in female myocytes, Kv2.1 plays dual electrical and CaV1.2 clustering roles. This contributes to sex-specific regulation of excitability, [Ca2+]i, and myogenic tone in arterial myocytes

Copyright, open access and library instruction

Article discussing copyright, open access, and library instruction

A structural comparison of salt forms of dopamine with the structures of other phenylethylamines

The structures of four salt forms of dopamine are reported. These are dopamine [2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethan‐1‐aminium] benzoate, C8H12NO2+·C7H5O2−, I, dopamine 4‐nitrobenzoate, C8H12NO2+·C7H4NO4−, II, dopamine ethanedisulfonate, 2C8H12NO2+·C2H4O6S22−, III, and dopamine 4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate, C8H12NO2+·C6H5O4S−·H2O, IV. In all four structures, the dopamine cation adopts an extended conformation. Intermolecular interaction motifs that are common in the salt forms of tyramine can be found in related dopamine structures, but hydrogen bonding in the dopamine structures appear to be more variable and less predictable than for tyramine. Packing analysis discovered three dopamine‐containing groups of structures that can be described as isostructural with regards to the cation positions. Two of these groups contain both dopamine and tyramine species, and one of these is also highly variable in other ways too, containing anhydrous and hydrated forms, different anion types and ionized and neutral phenylethylamine species. As such, the group illustrates that packing behaviour can be robust and similar even where intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds are very different

Potential Circumstances Associated With Moral Injury and Moral Distress in Healthcare Workers and Public Safety Personnel Across the Globe During COVID-19: A Scoping Review

Healthcare workers (HCWs) and public safety personnel (PSP) across the globe have continued to face ethically and morally challenging situations during the COVID-19 pandemic that increase their risk for the development of moral distress (MD) and moral injury (MI). To date, however, the global circumstances that confer risk for MD and MI in these cohorts have not been systematically explored, nor have the unique circumstances that may exist across countries been explored. Here, we sought to identify and compare, across the globe, potentially morally injurious or distressful events (PMIDEs) in HCWs and PSP during the COVID-19 pandemic. A scoping review was conducted to identify and synthesize global knowledge on PMIDEs in HCWs and select PSP. Six databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and Global Health. A total of 1,412 articles were retrieved, of which 57 articles were included in this review. These articles collectively described the experiences of samples from 19 different countries, which were comprised almost exclusively of HCWs. Given the lack of PSP data, the following results should not be generalized to PSP populations without further research. Using qualitative content analysis, six themes describing circumstances associated with PMIDEs were identified: (1) Risk of contracting or transmitting COVID-19; (2) Inability to work on the frontlines; (3) Provision of suboptimal care; (4) Care prioritization and resource allocation; (5) Perceived lack of support and unfair treatment by their organization; and (6) Stigma, discrimination, and abuse. HCWs described a range of emotions related to these PMIDEs, including anxiety, fear, guilt, shame, burnout, anger, and helplessness. Most PMIDE themes appeared to be shared globally, particularly the ‘Risk of contracting or transmitting COVID-19’ and the ‘Perceived lack of support and unfair treatment by their organization.’ Articles included within the theme of ‘Stigma, discrimination, and abuse’ represented the smallest global distribution of all PMIDE themes. Overall, the present review provides insight into PMIDEs encountered by HCWs across the globe during COVID-19. Further research is required to differentiate the experience of PSP from HCWs, and to explore the impact of social and cultural factors on the experience of MD and MI

Structure-based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of isoquinolone and pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine inhibitors of fascin 1 as potential anti-metastatic agents

Fascin is an actin binding and bundling protein that is not expressed in normal epithelial tissues but overexpressed in a variety of invasive epithelial tumors. It has a critical role in cancer cell metastasis by promoting cell migration and invasion. Here we report the crystal structures of fascin in complex with a series of novel and potent inhibitors. Structure-based elaboration of these compounds enabled the development of a series with nanomolar affinities for fascin, good physicochemical properties and the ability to inhibit fascin-mediated bundling of filamentous actin. These compounds provide promising starting points for fascin-targeted anti-metastatic therapies

Microbiome Composition and Function Drives Wound-Healing Impairment in the Female Genital Tract

The mechanism(s) by which bacterial communities impact susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as HIV, and maintain female genital tract (FGT) health are poorly understood. Evaluation of FGT bacteria has predominantly been limited to studies of species abundance, but not bacterial function. We therefore sought to examine the relationship of bacterial community composition and function with mucosal epithelial barrier health in the context of bacterial vaginosis (BV) using metaproteomic, metagenomic, and in vitro approaches. We found highly diverse bacterial communities dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis associated with host epithelial barrier disruption and enhanced immune activation, and low diversity communities dominated by Lactobacillus species that associated with lower Nugent scores, reduced pH, and expression of host mucosal proteins important for maintaining epithelial integrity. Importantly, proteomic signatures of disrupted epithelial integrity associated with G. vaginalis-dominated communities in the absence of clinical BV diagnosis. Because traditional clinical assessments did not capture this, it likely represents a larger underrepresented phenomenon in populations with high prevalence of G. vaginalis. We finally demonstrated that soluble products derived from G. vaginalis inhibited wound healing, while those derived from L. iners did not, providing insight into functional mechanisms by which FGT bacterial communities affect epithelial barrier integrity

A cluster randomized controlled platform trial comparing group MEmory specificity training (MEST) to group psychoeducation and supportive counselling (PSC) in the treatment of recurrent depression.

Impaired ability to recall specific autobiographical memories is characteristic of depression, which when reversed, may have therapeutic benefits. This cluster-randomized controlled pilot trial investigated efficacy and aspects of acceptability, and feasibility of MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) relative to Psychoeducation and Supportive Counselling (PSC) for Major Depressive Disorder (N = 62). A key aim of this study was to determine a range of effect size estimates to inform a later phase trial. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. The cognitive process outcome was memory specificity. The primary clinical outcome was symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II at 3-month follow-up. The MEST group demonstrated greater improvement in memory specificity relative to PSC at post-intervention (d = 0.88) and follow-up (d = 0.74), relative to PSC. Both groups experienced a reduction in depressive symptoms at 3-month follow-up (d = 0.67). However, there was no support for a greater improvement in depressive symptoms at 3 months following MEST relative to PSC (d = -0.04). Although MEST generated changes on memory specificity and improved depressive symptoms, results provide no indication that MEST is superior to PSC in the resolution of self-reported depressive symptoms. Implications for later-phase definitive trials of MEST are discussed