Préface

<p>Effect of combinations of chitosan (DP_n 206) or CHOS (DP_n 30) and Signum on cumulative <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> infection of detached chickpea leaves.</p

Inhibition of disease development in strawberry flowers inoculated with a mixture of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> conidia and chitooligosaccharides (CHOS DP_n 23) and/or synthetic fungicides.

<p>Disease development and protection index were scored as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093192#pone-0093192-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>. The synergistic effect was calculated by determining the ratio between the observed efficacy E_obs (% inhibition) and the expected efficacy (E_exp) (see materials and methods). An E_obs/E_exp value of 1 indicates additivity, while E_obs/E_exp>1 indicates synergy.</p>a<p>The recommended doses for the synthetic fungicides are 1500, 500, 1000 and 1000 μg mL⁻¹ for Teldor, Switch, Amistar and Signum, respectively.</p>b<p>All data are the mean of two experiments ± standard deviation, with 6×3 flowers in each treatment.</p>c<p>The AUDPC was used to calculate the protection index.</p>d<p>Conidia in sterile water.</p

Effect of chitooligosaccharides (CHOS DP_n 23) and synthetic fungicides on germination inhibition of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>.

<p>Germination was recorded 24 hours after inoculation.</p>a<p>All data are the mean of three experiments ± standard deviation</p>b<p>An E_obs/E_exp ratio of 1 indicates additivity; ratios >1 indicate synergy.</p

Effect of the combination of chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS; DP_n 35) and Delan on infection of apple by <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> in the field.

a<p>Standard deviation. The data are derived from one experiment (one season) with three replicates per treatment and three trees in each replicate.</p>b<p>Recommended dose.</p

Effect of combinations of chitosan (DP_n 206) or chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS DP_n30) and Switch on <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> infection of detached chickpea leaves.

<p>Disease development was scored daily up to eight days after inoculation.</p>a<p>All data are the mean of three replicates (each replicate contained three compound leaves with 6 inoculated leaflets) ± standard deviation.</p>b<p>The AUDPC was used to calculate the protection index.</p>c<p>E_obs/E_exp 1 indicates additivity; E_obs/E_exp>1 indicates synergy.</p>d<p>Conidia in sterile water.</p>e<p>Recommended dose.</p

Effect of the reducing end sugars (GlcN vs GlcNAc) on the ability of CHOS to inhibit germination of <i>B. cinerea</i> (measured 24 hours after inoculation).

<p>Squares: chitosan, DP_n 206, 85 % D at the reducing end; circles: CHOS generated by ScCsn46A, DP_n 33.5, >90% GlcN at the reducing end; triangles: CHOS generated by ChiA, DP_n 34.6, about 35% GlcNAc at the reducing end. Data points represent the mean of three replicate wells.</p

Dose-response relationships for the inhibitory effect of chitosan DP_n 206 and various CHOS fractions on germination of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (measured 24 hours after inoculation).

<p>CHOS DP_n 34 was produced by hydrolysis of chitosan (DP_n 206) with ScCsn46A. CHOS DP_n 34 was separated by size exclusion chromatography to fraction with DP_n 30, 41, 50, 78, 126 and 163.</p

Inhibition of germination of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> by chitosan (DP_n 206) and synthetic fungicides, alone and in combination.

<p>Germination was recorded 24 hours after inoculation.</p>a<p>All data are the mean of three experiments ± standard deviation</p>b<p>An E_obs/E_exp ratio of 1 indicates additivity; ratios >1 indicate synergy.</p

Effect of chitosan (DP_n 206) or CHOS obtained by hydrolysis of chitosan with ScCsn46A on germination of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (measured 24 hours after inoculation).

<p>The data points are the mean of three experiments with standard deviation.</p