Short CommunicationsReproductive cycle of the supralittoral gastropod Littorina kraussi (Rosewater, 1970)

The reproductive cycle of Littorina kraussi was determined on the basis of changes in gonadal histology over a 14-month period. This animal is dioecious, the sexes being evenly distributed both in terms of numbers and size. Despite some asynchrony within the population, L. kraussi showed a well defined reproductive cycle. Gonadal proliferation took place from August to January with peak spawning taking place from December to March.S. Afr. J. Zool. 1987, 22(2

SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN THE MUDPRAWN UPOGEBIA AFRICANA ON THE SOUTH-EAST COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA

A nested sampling design was used to examine the variability in density, biomass, sex ratio and size of the estuarine mudprawn Upogebia africana in six estuaries on the south-east coast of South Africa. The objectives were to test the general hypothesis that there is variability in these variables at the scales of regions, estuaries, banks and tidal levels, and then to determine at which spatial scales these were most variable. Nested analyses of variance revealed significant differences in the mean size of mudprawns at the scale of regions, in mean size and sex ratio at the scale of banks, and in all four variables at the scale of tidal levels. The greatest variability in all four variables was at the smallest spatial scale examined. The likely causes of this spatial variability are discussed.Afr. J. mar. Sci. 25: 275–28

Nycthemeral and Monthly Occupation of the Fish Assemblage on a Sheltered Beach of Baía Norte, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Interpreting fish community records is challenging for several reasons, including the lack of past ichthyofauna data, the cyclical temporal variations in the community, and the methodology employed, which usually underestimates fish assemblages. The objective of this study was to describe short-scale and meso-scale (nycthemeral period and months, respectively) temporal variations in the ichthyofauna composition and structure of a sheltered beach of Baía Norte (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state, Brazil), using a capéchade net. Samples were collected monthly for a period of 48 hours. During the period from December 2010 to November 2011, a total of 19,302 individuals belonging to 89 species and 39 families were captured. The number of individuals that were sampled during the day and/or night was dependent on the sampling month. On average, the daytime assemblage was more abundant and different in structure and composition than the nighttime assemblage. Of the eight species that had the highest Index of Relative Importance (%IRI), five had higher variations (ANOVA F) between the day and night than between the months. This finding reinforced the need for sampling during both the day and night. The capéchade net effectively captured demersal and pelagic individuals in a broad range of sizes

THE REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLES OF THE INTERTIDAL BIVALVES CRASSOSTREA-CUCULLATA (BORN, 1778) AND PERNA-PERNA (LINNAEUS, 1758) FROM THE TRANSKEI COAST, SOUTHERN-AFRICA

Volume: 29Start Page: 226End Page: 23