1,531 research outputs found

    Modellering av Uppsala kommuns energisystem och klimatpÄverkan

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    Sveriges riksdag Àr övertygad om att utslÀppen av vÀxthusgaser mÄste minska för att mÀnniskans pÄverkan pÄ klimatsystemet inte blir farlig (NaturvÄrdsverket, 2011). I Uppsala har kommunfullmÀktige beslutat om att de totala utslÀppen av vÀxthusgaser per innevÄnare ska vara 45 % lÀgre Är 2020 jÀmfört med Är 1990 (Uppsala kommun, 2011e). För att bland annat kunna utvÀrdera och utveckla energisystemanalyser har Uppsala kommun, SLU och Vattenfall ett samarbete kring modellering av Uppsalas energisystem och klimatpÄverkan. I detta arbete har programvaran LEAP (the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning system) anvÀnts för att utveckla en sÄdan modell. Modellen innehÄller ett nulÀge (som speglar Uppsalas energisystem sÄ som det sÄg ut Är 2008-2009), ett referensscenario för möjlig utveckling fram till Är 2030, och ett aktörsscenario dÀr specifika ÄtgÀrder/mÄl (frÄn Uppsala kommun och Vattenfall) för att fÄ ned utslÀppen av vÀxthusgaser modellerats. Resultaten frÄn modellkörningen visar att kommunens mÄl om 45 % mindre per capita utslÀpp av CO2e Är 2020 inte uppnÄs i vare sig referens- eller aktörsscenariot

    Investigation into the metabolic effect of sarcosine on prostate cancer

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    Prostate cancer is one of the most common form of human cancer in the world and the most common form of cancer in men in the Western world. There are many molecular factors of prostate cancer, both proteins and metabolites. A 2009 study by Sreekumar et al found that the N-methyl form of glycine, also known as sarcosine, is correlated with more advanced prostate cancer and that it could potentially be driving cancer progression. Since then, a transcriptomic analysis has revealed some of the genes that might be involved in sarcosine-driven prostate cancer progression but the exact mechanism is as of yet not known. We set out to examine the effect of treatment with sarcosine, glycine, N,N-dimethylglycine and alanine on the metabolism of cultured prostate cancer cells and non-malignant immortalized prostate cells. Here we demonstrate that sarcosine changes the metabolism of prostate cancer cells and that broad cellular functions, such as energy metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and amino acid metabolism are affected. Using NMR metabolomics we showed that the cellular concentrations of glucose, choline, O-phosphocholine, creatine, creatine phosphate, proline and other metabolites are altered as a result of the presence of sarcosine. Previous transcriptomic data has pointed towards the cell cycle as being involved in a potential mechanism of sarcosine-induced prostate cancer progression. Our data suggests significant metabolic involvement as well. Metabolism has seen a resurgence recently in cancer research in general and in this research we demonstrate that is worth exploring deeper in prostate cancer specifically.Prostatacancer Àr en av de vanligaste cancertyperna i vÀstvÀrlden och drabbar runt tiotusen mÀn per Är i Sverige. Prostatan Àr en litet organ som ligger under urinblÄsan hos mÀn och vars funktion Àr att producera och utsöndra viktiga komponenter i sÀdesvÀtskan. PÄ grund av den stora mÀngden lidande och de omfattande ekonomiska kostnader som prostatacancer ligger till grund för i samhÀllet sÄ Àr behovet av forskning inom omrÄdet mycket stort. Cancer i prostatan Àr i sig inte dödligt. NÀr prostatacancer har dödlig utkomst sÄ Àr det uteslutande i fall dÀr cancern har spridit sig till viktigare organ, sÄ som ben, lungor eller lymfkörtlar. Att cancer sprids kallas metastas och Àr en komplex biologisk process som bestÄr av flera distinkta steg, och som pÄverkas av mÄnga olika faktorer. Tidigare har forskare vid University of Michigan, Ann Arbor visat att metaboliten sarkosin ansamlas i stegvis vÀrre fall av prostatacancer, framför allt dÄ cancern gÄr frÄn att befinna sig lokalt i prostatan till att sprida sig till andra vÀvnadstyper. I deras artikel beskriver de sarkosin en onkometabolit, det vill sÀga en metabolit som Àr kapabel att driva cancers förvÀrring. Dessutom hÀvdar de att sarkosin kan anvÀndas som analyt i av blod- eller urinprover för att pÄvisa cancer. Resultaten kring sarkosinets roll inom biomedicinsk analys har ifrÄgasatts, men resultaten kring dess roll som onkometabolit har inte undersökts i detalj Ànnu. I experimentet som ligger till grund för den hÀr rapporten har vi tittat nÀrmare pÄ hur nÀrvaron av sarkosin pÄverkar prostatacellers metabolism. Prover förbereddes genom att inkubera celler i provrör tillsammans med sarkosin eller med nÄgon av tre nÀrbeslÀktade metaboliter; glycin, dimetylglycin och alanin. Analyserna utfördes med hjÀlp av en metod som kallas NMR-spektroskopi (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-spektroskopi), vilket Àr en kraftfull analysmetod som anvÀnds för att analysera kolföreningar. VÄra resultat indikerar att sarkosins pÄverkan pÄ celler har en omfattande effekt pÄ cellens metabolism. Flera viktiga cellulÀra funktioner, sÄ som energiomsÀttning, anvÀndning av aminosyror samt fettomsÀttning pÄverkas dÄ sarkosin tillsatts. Resultaten som har genererats inom den hÀr studien kan i framtiden ligga till grund för framsteg med klinisk betydelse. MÄnga av de viktigaste etablerade lÀkemedlen mot cancer angriper cancerns förmÄga att stÀlla om cellens metabolism och det Àr en mÄltavla för forskare som avser att hitta nya lÀkemedel. En ny infallsvinkel pÄ cancermetabolism i en av de kliniskt viktigaste cancertyperna har dÀrför stor betydelse

    Genetisk karakterisering av hundens respiratoriska coronavirus

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    Kennelhosta Ă€r ett samlingsnamn för en grupp virus- och bakterieinfektioner som ofta drabbar hundar som Ă€r tillsammans med större grupper av andra hundar. Symptomen Ă€r oftast milda, vanligtvis med en torr, hackande hosta, men kan i vissa fall ta sig uttryck som svĂ„rare symptom som lunginflammation. De vanligaste infektionsĂ€mnena Ă€r hundens parainfluensavirus (CPIV), hundens respiratoriska coronavirus (CRCoV), hundens adenovirus typ 2 (CAV-2) och bakterien Bordetella bronchiseptica. Hundens respiratoriska coronavirus Ă€r det virus som undersöktes i studien som ligger till grund för den hĂ€r rapporten. Familjen coronavirus innehĂ„ller de största membranomslutna virusen med RNA som arvsmassa med genomstorlekar pĂ„ upp till 32000 baser. Dess medlemmar har en gemensam genomstruktur med tvĂ„ stora öppna lĂ€sramar (ORF:s) i sin 5’-Ă€nde och gener som kodar för strukturella protein, det vill sĂ€ga protein som bygger upp viruskapsiden, i 3’-Ă€nden i ordningen S – E – M – N dĂ€r S Ă€r ett spikprotein, E Ă€r ett höljeprotein, M Ă€r ett membranprotein och N Ă€r ett nukleoprotein. Mellan dessa proteiner finns ofta olika mindre protein som inte Ă€r gemensamma för hela familjen, varav ett Ă€r ett influensa-likt hemagglutinin-esteras. I studien som ligger till grund för den hĂ€r rapporten undersöktes sekvensen som kodar för tre strukturella protein hos hundens respiratoriska coronavirus; spikproteinet, membranproteinet och hemagglutinin-esteraset. Hundens respiratoriska coronavirus (CRCoV) tillhör underfamiljen betacoronavirus som ocksĂ„ innehĂ„ller bland annat nötboskapens coronavirus, mĂ€nniskans coronavirus OC43, musens hepatitvirus och hĂ€stens coronavirus. Fylogenetiska undersökningar gjordes dĂ€r CRCoV jĂ€mfördes med andra betacoronavirus, samt de tio specifika prover som tagits i Sverige. Ytterligare jĂ€mförelser gjordes Ă€ven mellan andra sekvenser frĂ„n tidigare studier av CRCoV runtom i vĂ€rlden (Korea, Storbritannien, Italien och Japan). Det laborativa arbetet bestod i att till en början syntetisera cDNA frĂ„n RNA som extraherats frĂ„n nos- och svalgsvabbar frĂ„n hundar som besökt utvalda veterinĂ€rkliniker runtom i landet och som visats vara PCR-positiva för CRCoV. cDNA:t anvĂ€ndes sedan som templat för PCR-amplifikation av den virala arvsmassan och efter gelelektrofores, antingen enbart för att fastslĂ„ att PCR-reaktionen var lyckad eller för att ocksĂ„ i vissa fall gelrena PCR-produkten, skickades PCR-produkterna för sekvensering. Primerpar anvĂ€ndes för totalt sex genfragment, hemagglutinin-esterasgenen, membranproteingenen och fyra fragment för spikproteingenen. Antalet sekvenser per prov blev varierat; i vissa prover blev samtliga fragment sekvenserade och i andra bara nĂ„gra fĂ„ fragment. TvĂ„ prover gav aldrig nĂ„gra PCR-produkter över huvudtaget. De CRCoV-genom som undersöktes verkade intressant nog ligga nĂ€rmast ett isolat frĂ„n en hund i Japan. Det Ă€r intressant eftersom sekvenser frĂ„n virus isolat i England, som geografiskt ligger betydligt nĂ€rmare, var förhĂ„llandevis lĂ„ngt bort frĂ„n de svenska proverna rent fylogenetiskt. Även sekvenser tagna frĂ„n coronavirus frĂ„n svenska kor lĂ„g lĂ„ngt bort i trĂ€det vilket borde betyda att det Ă€r osannolikt att det CRCoV som finns endemiskt i svenska hundar kommer frĂ„n en separat överföring frĂ„n svenska kor utan snarare antingen frĂ„n andra hundar som besökt Sverige eller frĂ„n utlĂ€ndska hundar som importerats till Sverige.Kennel cough is a disease complex caused by several different pathogens, both viruses and bacteria. Most commonly, kennel cough presents with very mild clinical signs but occasionally more severe signs like bronchopneumonia can erupt. Kennel cough is caused by one of five pathogens; canine parainfluenzavirus (CPIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine adenovirus type-2 (CAV-2), canine influenzavirus (CIV) and the bacterial pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica. This study focused on the genetic characterization of field isolates of CRCoV. The coronavirus family contains the largest known enveloped RNA viruses with genome sizes ranging from 28kb to 32kb. Its members share a common genome structure with two large open reading frames in the 5’-end and the genes coding for structural proteins lumped together in the 3’-end. There is a conserved order in the four shared structural proteins; 5’ – S – E – M – N – 3’, where S is the spike protein, E is an envelope protein, M a small membrane protein and N is a nucleoprotein. A large and diverse group of smaller proteins have been observed in many of the coronaviruses and these differ from species to species. An example of this is the influenza-like hemagglutinin-esterase found on the surface of coronaviruses of the betacoronavirus subfamily. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of three of the structural protein genes found in the CRCoV genome was examined. CRCoV belongs to the betacoronavirus subfamily which also contains bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and equine coronavirus, among other species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted, both on CRCoV sequences in relation to the other coronaviruses and in relation to available CRCoV sequences from different countries (Korea, The United Kingdom, Italy and Japan). The laboratory work consisted of four major steps. First cDNA was synthesized from RNA extracted from samples taken from nasopharyngeal swabs from dogs admitted at veterinary clinics from around Sweden and proven to be PCR-positive for CRCoV. Then the cDNA was used as template for PCR-amplification and the PCR products were analysed using gel electrophoresis. Some samples needed to be purified and these were purified by running all the PCR-product for that sample on a separate gel. The bands were then cut out with a scalpel and DNA was extracted using a gel purification kit. Sanger sequencing was done by MacroGen at their facility in Amsterdam. The sequences were quality controlled, trimmed and assembled using CodonCode Aligner and the phylogenetic trees were constructed using the PHYLIP neighbour joining algorithms with 1000x Bootstrap in the Ugene (Unipro) software. All phylogenetic trees were constructed using FigTree. The CRCoV sequences that were analysed for phylogeny with the rest of the betacoronavirus family were most closely related to an isolate from a Japanese dog, which is interesting considering that samples taken geographically closer to Sweden were included. Sequences taken from Swedish cattle (bovine coronavirus) were also considerably distant, genetically, even compared to other BCoV sequences. The most reasonable conclusion is that the CRCoV strains found in Sweden most likely entered the Swedish dog population either through dogs traveling in and out of Sweden or through international pet trade as opposed to from a separate cross-over event from bovine coronavirus found in Swedish cattle

    Memgames

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    In this article, we study the structure, and in particular the Grundy values, of a family of games known as memgames.Comment: Feedback welcome

    Discovering and Assessing Enterprise Architecture Debts

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    The term Enterprise Architecture (EA) Debts has been coined to grasp the difference between the actual state of the EA and its hypothetical, optimal state. So far, different methods have been proposed to identify such EA Debts in organizations. However, these methods either are based on the transfer of known concepts from other domains to EA or are time and resource intensive. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose an approach that uses an interview format to identify EA Debts in enterprises and a method that allows a qualitative assessment of identified EA Debts. The proposed approach is supported by the designed framework that consists of an interview format and a process for determining thresholds of certain EA Smells

    Public support for aviation policy measures in Sweden

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    Air travel has received increasing attention in the climate debate in recent years. Current climate policy in this sector remains weak in comparison to, for example, the road transport sector. In this study, we analyze public support for seven different national policy measures that have been chosen to reflect the main thinking raised in the debate. Using original data from Sweden (N = 4500), we found that less coercive measures, as well as regulatory measures targeting the aviation industry rather than individuals directly, are more readily supported by the public than market-based policies aiming to push individuals away from air travel. The analyses of the different policy measures reveal many similarities between them. Climate concern, a personal norm to act in a more climate-friendly way, a political orientation to the left and high levels of institutional trust all display strong associations with support for all the different policy types. Perceptions of fairness, in particular, and effectiveness were strongly associated with overall policy support. Interestingly, however, the extent to which a policy measure was expected to affect one’s own personal freedom was found to have a very weak correlation with policy support. Key policy insights Public support was higher for ‘pull’ policies (climate labelling and subsidies for high-speed and night trains), as well as for regulatory measures targeting the aviation industry (biofuel blending mandate), than for policies that aim to push individuals away from air travel (e.g. air passenger tax). The weakest public support was found for frequent flyer taxation and personal carbon allowances. One reason, however, may be that these are novel policy options where the respondents had little prior information. In line with previous research, climate concern, ideology and trust in institutions correlate with attitudes to aviation polices, but the multivariate model showed that perceptions of whether a policy is fair and effective were by far the most important variables. Hence, fairness and effectiveness appear to be crucial aspects for the design of new policies
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