OddzOn Products and Derivation of Invention: At Odds with the Purpose of Section 102(f) of the Patent Act of 1952?

Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the host defence with a broad range of functions including direct antimicrobial activity and modulation of inflammation. Lack of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) was associated with higher mortality and bacterial burden and impaired neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in a model of pneumococcal meningitis. The present study was designed to characterize the effects of CRAMP deficiency on glial response and phagocytosis after exposure to bacterial stimuli. Methods CRAMP-knock out and wildtype glial cells were exposed to bacterial supernatants from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides or the bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Cell viability, expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and activation of signal transduction pathways, phagocytosis rate and glial cell phenotype were investigated by means of cell viability assays, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Results CRAMP-deficiency was associated with stronger expression of pro-inflammatory and weakened expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines indicating a higher degree of glial cell activation even under resting-state conditions. Furthermore, increased translocation of nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells was observed and phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae was reduced in CRAMP-deficient microglia indicating impaired antimicrobial activity. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study detected severe alterations of the glial immune response due to lack of CRAMP. The results indicate the importance of CRAMP to maintain and regulate the delicate balance between beneficial and harmful immune response in the brain

Application of unmanned aerial vehicles for the organization of wireless 5G networks in the system of a smart city

This article illustrates ways to solve problems in the field of urban management with using modern 5G wireless networks. We have provided an overview of UAV-aided wireless communications, highlighting the key design considerations as well as the new opportunities to be exploited. Object of analysis is the communication process of a large number of distributed users. Subject of analysis is data transmission capacity, sufficient for stable communication of users and most services, taking into account the mobility of a huge number of users. We have gave examples on UAV-aided wireless communications with the help of three use cases: UAV-aided ubiquitous coverage, UAV-aided relaying, and UAV-aided information dissemination. Furthermore, the key design considerations for UAV communications, energy consumption by the UAVs have also been discussed. Lastly, we have highlighted two key performance enhancing techniques by utilizing UAV controlled mobility

Влияние волнистости S-образных пружин на точностные характеристики часов

Экспериментальным путем установлено отрицательное влияние волнистости S-образных пружин на точностные характеристики наручных часов. Предложен способ оперативного контроля этого дефекта пружин

Ways of market promotion

The paper dels with basic standard abbreviations from internet marketing sphere, we analyze their essence and efficiency in terms of their usage on websites.В статье повествуется о стандартных аббревиатурах в сфере интернет маркетинга, таких как SEO, SMO и SMM. Анализируется их сущность и эффективность с точки зрения использования на веб-сайтах

Intra-abdominal adipose tissue of laboratory mice adapted to different temperature regimes

For the first time the presence of beige adipocytes, cellularity, basic metabolic parameters of perigonadal abdominal fat have studied in autbred laboratory mice kept at different temperature regimes: 1) 30°С (thermoneutral zone) and 2) regular daily 8-hour cold exposures. Unlike brown fat in the abdominal depot, temperature-dependent changes of these parameters were not detected. The functions of the beige adipocytes of the abdominal depot were discussed