108 research outputs found

    A Beautiful Proof by Induction

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    The purpose of this note is to present an example of a proof by induction that in the opinion of the present author has great aesthetic value. The proof in question is Thomassen\u27s proof that planar graphs are 5-choosable. I give a self-contained presentation of this result and its proof, and a personal account of why I think this proof is beautiful. A secondary purpose is to more widely publicize this gem, and hopefully make it part of a standard set of examples for examining characteristics of proofs by induction

    Spatial aspects in the Heureka forest decision support system – an overview

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    This report is part of task 1.4 in work package 1 in the Mistral Digital Forests first phase (2018- 2022) research programme. The task concerns the use of information with complete spatial coverage (“wall-to-wall data”) in forest planning. Spatial aspects in forest planning are present if the value of a forest management activity or the character of a specific stand does not rest only on management or attributes of the stand itself but also on stands in the neighborhood. Traditionally in Swedish forestry spatial aspects, e.g. the spatial location of final fellings, has been handled in tactical planning and/or ecological landscape planning and not in the strategic planning.In this report, we thoroughly describe and present state-of-the art applications of the spatial functionality available in the Heureka forest DSS, and identify potential development tasks. These include to simplify the interface of the optimization model, reduce the build times associated with the formulation of various optimization problems, support efficient free solvers of optimization problems, improve GIS functionality, enable the use of open data in various forms of analysis using the Heureka systems and publish the Heureka system as open source

    When is a planar rod configuration infinitesimally rigid?

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    We provide a way of determining the infinitesimal rigidity of rod configurations realizing a rank two incidence geometry in the Euclidean plane. We model each rod with a cone over its point set and prove that the resulting geometric realization of the incidence geometry is infinitesimally rigid in regular position if and only if the resulting cone graph is infinitesimally rigid in generic position. This is a generalization of the Molecular conjecture.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure

    Habitatmodeller och flermÄlsanalys

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    ‱ Inom forskningsprogrammet Heureka utvecklas habitatmodeller för flera djur- och vĂ€xtarter. ‱ Habitatmodeller kan anvĂ€ndas för att identifiera framtida flaskhalsar i mĂ€ngd och fördelning av viktiga livsmiljöer för olika arter. ‱ Det behövs verktyg för att ta hĂ€nsyn till bĂ„de virkesproduktion och en viss mĂ€ngd habitat i landskapet i planeringen. Ett sĂ„dant verktyg Ă€r flermĂ„lsanalys. ‱ FlermĂ„lsanalys kan anvĂ€ndas för att utvĂ€rdera olika planalternativ med hĂ€nsyn till olika arters habitatkrav. Den grundliga genomgĂ„ngen av situationen i en flermĂ„lsanalys ökar kunskapen om problemet vilket i sin tur kan leda till bĂ€ttre slutlösningar

    Enumeration of Sets of Mutually Orthogonal Latin Rectangles

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    We study sets of mutually orthogonal Latin rectangles (MOLR), and a natural variation of the concept of self-orthogonal Latin squares which is applicable on larger sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares and MOLR, namely that each Latin rectangle in a set of MOLR is isotopic to each other rectangle in the set. We call such a set of MOLR \emph{homogeneous}. In the course of doing this, we perform a complete enumeration of non-isotopic sets of tt mutually orthogonal k×nk\times n Latin rectangles for k≀n≀7k\leq n \leq 7, for all t<nt < n. Specifically, we keep track of homogeneous sets of MOLR, as well as sets of MOLR where the autotopism group acts transitively on the rectangles, and we call such sets of MOLR \emph{transitive}. We build the sets of MOLR row by row, and in this process we also keep track of which of the MOLR are homogeneous and/or transitive in each step of the construction process. We use the prefix \emph{stepwise} to refer to sets of MOLR with this property. Sets of MOLR are connected to other discrete objects, notably finite geometries and certain regular graphs. Here we observe that all projective planes of order at most 9 except the Hughes plane can be constructed from a stepwise transitive MOLR.Comment: 60 page

    Small Youden Rectangles, Near Youden Rectangles, and Their Connections to Other Row-Column Designs

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    In this paper we study Youden rectangles of small orders. We have enumerated all Youden rectangles for all small parameter values, excluding the almost square cases, in a large scale computer search. For small parameter values where no Youden rectangles exist, we also enumerate rectangles where the number of symbols common to two columns is always one of two possible values. We refer to these objects as \emph{near Youden rectangles}. For all our designs we calculate the size of the autotopism group and investigate to which degree a certain transformation can yield other row-column designs, namely double arrays, triple arrays and sesqui arrays. Finally we also investigate certain Latin rectangles with three possible pairwise intersection sizes for the columns and demonstrate that these can give rise to triple and sesqui arrays which cannot be obtained from Youden rectangles, using the transformation mentioned above.Comment: 33 pages, 21 Table

    Deltagerdriven forskning – vĂ€xtodlingsgruppen: Resultat och utvĂ€rdering av arbetet under 1998 till 2001

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    De ekologiska lantbrukarna i Sverige har under lĂ„ng tid utfört olika typer av utvecklingsarbete pĂ„ gĂ„rdsnivĂ„ (Wivstad, 1999). I den fortsatta utvecklingen av ekologiskt lantbruk Ă€r det viktigt att ta tillvara dessa erfarenheter och kunskaper. Deltagardriven forskning Ă€r en förĂ€ndringsprocess (Ullmark, 1998) dĂ€r aktiva lantbrukare, rĂ„dgivare och forskare arbetar i grupp utifrĂ„n gemensamma intresseomrĂ„den. Syftet Ă€r att knyta ihop forskarnas, rĂ„dgivarnas och lantbrukarnas teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper och erfarenheter. Alla som medverkar i processen Ă€r lika viktiga och alla parter som berörs av resultaten har möjlighet att pĂ„verka gruppens arbete och utveckling (Ullmark, 1998). Tillsammans identifierar gruppen problem och anvĂ€nder/utvecklar för lantbrukaren relevanta försöks- och forskningsmetoder som kan bidra till att lösa de praktiska problem som lantbrukaren faktiskt stĂ€lls inför. Genom deltagardriven forskning kan lantbrukarna Ă€ven fĂ„ möjlighet till att pĂ„verka var och hur forskning bedrivs. ForskningsfrĂ„gorna kan hĂ€mtas frĂ„n lantbrukssystemets olika delar samt göra gruppen medveten om hur olika delar pĂ„verkar helheten (Wivstad, 1999; EksvĂ€rd et al, 2001). I förlĂ€ngningen kan deltagarna bli informatörer och överföra idĂ©er till andra lantbrukare (Ullmark, 1998). Centrum för uthĂ„lligt lantbruk, CUL, placerat vid SLU, har sedan 1998 ansvarat för det tvĂ€rvetenskapliga projektet ”Deltagardriven forskning” som ett verktyg för regional utveckling av det ekologiska lantbruket. Det övergripande mĂ„let har varit att öka kunskapen om hur man kan Ă„stadkomma uthĂ„lliga lantbrukssystem. Projektet startade med sex delgrupper inriktade pĂ„ följande omrĂ„den: grönsaker – friland, grönsaker – vĂ€xthus, höns, vĂ€xtodling, biogas samt grisproduktion. DĂ€refter har nĂ„gra tillkommit och nĂ„gra avslutats. För aktuell information se hemsidan: www.cul.slu.se. Ytterligare beskrivning kan fĂ„s i ”Deltagardriven forskning – forskningsinriktad aktörssamverkan för svenskt lantbruk” (EksvĂ€rd, i tryck)
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