THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND MODERN THEORIES

Objective: The article considers the main theoretical concepts of the Russian historical science used to study the Russian Revolution of 1917. Methods: They are selected from monographs, articles and chronicles, and form a special source of information. Results: A historiographic review demonstrates that these concepts (party, Marxist, systemic, structural, behavioral, neo-constitutional approaches, optimistic and pessimistic practices, conspiracy theory) reflect the ideology and subject of research rather than offer scientific tools. There is an opinion that the historiographical and source base for studying the Russian Revolution of 1917 formed the positivist practice of collecting facts and documents. Marxism-Leninism influenced the study of specific topics and certain names. Starting with the first (lifetime) edition of the works of V.I. Lenin, the principle of historicism provided a large number of terms, events and biographical information, which established an extensive historical context and cause-and-effect relationships. Marxism is important for studying the revolution as a variant of historical materialism and is crucial for understanding the ideological heritage of the revolution and the motivation of its leaders. According to some scholars, Marxism also justified the struggle for power in 1917. At the same time, Marxism cannot explain the subsequent events since a radically complex mass society cannot be described by classical theories, old terms and methods. Marxism is applicable to describe the ideological context of 1917 but fails to analyze contemporary events. Conclusion: Thus, the authors of the article propose a thesis about the chronological correspondence of the chosen methods to the events under study. Modern methodological approaches provide different theoretical knowledge about the Russian Revolution of 1917 suitable for new generations but lose the historical context understandable to the previous generation. New approaches (structuralism, deconstructivism, discourse analysis and global history) aim at describing rather than explaining revolutionary events

Synthesis and properties of spherical catalysts TiO2-SiO2/МхOy (M = Co and Cr)

Layered spherical materials were obtained, the inner layer of which is represented by oxides of cobalt or chromium, and external oxides of titanium and silicon. D-metals were fixed on the surface of the polymer substrate through sorption from aqueous solutions of the corresponding salts. The outer layer of the oxide titanium-silicon matrix was obtained by the sol-gel method. Aggregative stability of sols was controlled by viscosimetry. The influence of the components on the stability of sol solutions has been established. The time interval for the stability of sols is in the range of 400-1000 h. The laminated structure, material characteristics are studied using 3D-microtomography. The catalytic activity of the obtained TiO2-SiO2/Cr2O3 and TiO2-SiO2/Co3O4 samples was compared to the n-heptane oxidation reaction. The maximum heptane conversion for the TiO2-SiO2/Co3O4 sample is 80 % at a temperature of 600 °C, for the TiO2-SiO2/Cr2O3 sample, the conversion of n-heptane reaches 100 % at 400 °C

Features of the onymic conceptualization and categorization and place of onyms in mental lexicon

Today, a new branch of onomastics is being formed - cognitive research of the name. In this area, it has been changed not only the aspect, but also the subject of study. If onomastics comprehends names, cognitive onomastics studies how this knowledge is implemented, what the mechanisms of name cognition are. As cognition is carried out by conscience with brain language, cognitive onomastics deals primarily with the mental lexicon. Figuring out ways of being and functioning in onim mental lexicon is a major problem in cognitive onomastics. From this problem arise others: forms of conceptualization of names; properties of onymic concepts; ways of organizing concepts in onymic frames and domains on the basis of unified knowledge structures and their relationship to extralinguistic reality; distinction of onymic frames, etc. It has been changed methods of cognitive research of onyms. It can be concluded that the names in the mental lexicon play much more important role than in language and speech. They simply do not exist in mental lexicon in large quantities (usually there are more common names). Becoming, like all units of the mental lexicon, concepts in active or passive form, they are the organizers of the mental lexicon, coordinators of linguistic world, titles of folded memory structures and deployment tools and explication of these structures in speech and thinking activity

Development and implementation of blended courses for Russian language teachers in Russia and abroad

The growing popularity of massive open online courses (MOOC) stimulates teachers to appeal to the theory and practice of this philosophy. MOOCs are aimed at widespread involvement of students, improvement of their progress in studies, implementation of the principles of lifelong learning throughout life, support and development of their professional competence, etc. However, the mechanisms for implementing of the basic principles of MOOCs philosophy remain a subject of discussion. The article deals with theoretical approaches to solving a number of MOOCs problems connected with the use of a training video. The models for using a video content described in the article are given in the context of a blended Russian language learning project implemented at Kursk State University

Geochemical parameters and element contents in a peat section of the Kyzyltun (Bokarevskii) ryam bog

The paper reports geochemical parameters of units in a peat bed from a raised bog in the southern Tyumen territory. Based on radiocarbon dates and variability of geochemical data the following four evolutionary stages of the bed in Holocene are distinguished: an ancient lake (5600-5750 years B.P.), lowland-bog peat (4550-5600 years B.P.), transitional-type peat (4200-4550 years B.P.), raised-bog peat. The major-component technique was applied to analyze relations between various parameters of the bed and evaluate variations in conditions, under which the bog evolved with time, including climatic conditions (in relative units). An anthropogenic signal of accumulation of certain metals in bog systems is distinguished