Les facteurs prédictifs de douleur rachidienne commune chez les enfants et les adolescents

Spinal pain is a major health problem with socio-economic impacts. Back pain starts early, during childhood, the prevalence increases with age, particularly during puberty, to reach a similar level to that found at adulthood, around the age of 20. Despite the high prevalence of this condition, predictors for the first episode or for a recurrent episode are not known. The aim of this thesis is to explore different potential predictors of back pain during childhood and adolescence. A first literature review showed an association between puberty and back pain. The causality criteria described by Bradford- Hill, e.g. strength of the association, consistency across studies and dose -response are also present. Unfortunately,, it is not yet possible to conclude whether there is a temporal aspect as well; for temporality being the most important criterion. The second literature review showed a positive association between muscular endurance in extension and back pain, whereas no association was found between muscle strength in trunk extension and spinal pain. The available literature does not allow us to conclude about the potential association between aerobic capacity and back pain. The third study is a prospective study, in which children were followed during ten months. This study did not reveal any association between aerobic capacity, body composition and back pain. In conclusion, two factors are associated with back pain, puberty and low muscle endurance. Future research in this area should focus on the causal relationship between these factors and back pain.Les douleurs rachidiennes représentent un problème de santé important aux impacts socio-économique majeurs. Les rachialgies débutent tôt, durant l’enfance, leur prévalence augmente avec l’âge, particulièrement durant la période pubertaire, pour atteindre un niveau similaire à celui de l’âge adulte aux alentours de 20 ans. Malgré la fréquence de cette condition, les facteurs prédictifs du développement du premier épisode de douleur rachidienne ou d’un nouvel épisode sont très peu connus. Les travaux constitutifs de cette thèse ont pour objectif d’explorer différents facteurs prédictifs potentiels de douleurs rachidiennes chez les enfants et les adolescents. Une première revue de littérature a montré qu’il existe une association entre la puberté et les rachialgies. Les critères de causalité, décrits par Bradford-Hill, comme la force de l’association, la consistance entre les études et la relation dose-effet sont également présents. Cependant, il n’est pas encore possible de se prononcer sur le critère essentiel de la temporalité. La deuxième revue de littérature a permis de mettre en évidence une association positive entre l’endurance musculaire en extension et les douleurs rachidiennes, alors qu’aucune association n’a été mise en évidence entre la force musculaire en extension du tronc et les douleurs rachidiennes. Les données disponibles de la littérature ne permettent pas de ce prononcer concernant l’association entre les rachialgies et les capacités aérobies. La troisième étude, une étude prospective de suivi des enfants durant une année, n’a pas mis en évidence d’association entre les capacités aérobies, la composition corporelle et les douleurs au niveau du rachis. Deux facteurs sont donc associés aux douleurs rachidiennes, la puberté et une faible endurance musculaire. Les recherches dans ce domaine doivent êtres poursuivies pour déterminer l’existence d’un lien de causalité de ces facteurs sur les douleurs du rachis

Influence of Lumbar Muscle Fatigue on Trunk Adaptations during Sudden External Perturbations

Introduction : When the spine is subjected to perturbations, neuromuscular responses such as reflex muscle contractions contribute to the overall balance control and spinal stabilization mechanisms. These responses are influenced by muscle fatigue, which has been shown to trigger changes in muscle recruitment patterns. Neuromuscular adaptations, e.g., attenuation of reflex activation and/or postural oscillations following repeated unexpected external perturbations, have also been described. However, the characterization of these adaptations still remains unclear. Using high-density electromyography (EMG) may help understand how the nervous system chooses to deal with an unknown perturbation in different physiological and/or mechanical perturbation environments. Aim : To characterize trunk neuromuscular adaptations following repeated sudden external perturbations after a back muscle fatigue task using high-density EMG. Methods : Twenty-five healthy participants experienced a series of 15 sudden external perturbations before and after back muscle fatigue. Erector spinae muscle activity was recorded using high-density EMG. Trunk kinematics during perturbation trials were collected using a 3-D motion analysis system. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to assess: (1) the adaptation effect across trials (2) the fatigue effect and (3) the interaction effect (fatigue × adaptation) for the baseline activity, the reflex latency, the reflex peak and trunk kinematic variables (flexion angle, velocity and time to peak velocity). Muscle activity spatial distribution before and following the fatigue task was also compared using t -tests for dependent samples. Results : An attenuation of muscle reflex peak was observed across perturbation trials before the fatigue task, but not after. The spatial distribution of muscle activity was significantly higher before the fatigue task compared to post-fatigue trials. Baseline activity showed a trend to higher values after muscle fatigue, as well as reduction through perturbation trials. Main effects of fatigue and adaptation were found for time to peak velocity. No adaptation nor fatigue effect were identified for reflex latency, flexion angle or trunk velocity. Conclusion : The results show that muscle fatigue leads to reduced spatial distribution of back muscle activity and suggest a limited ability to use across-trial redundancy to adapt EMG reflex peak and optimize spinal stabilization using retroactive control

Effects of Muscle Fatigue, Creep, and Musculoskeletal Pain on Neuromuscular Responses to Unexpected Perturbation of the Trunk: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Trunk neuromuscular responses have been shown to adapt under the influence of muscle fatigue, as well as spinal tissue creep or even with the presence of low back pain (LBP). Despite a large number of studies exploring how these external perturbations affect the spinal stability, characteristics of such adaptations remains unclear. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the quality of evidence of studies investigating trunk neuromuscular responses to unexpected trunk perturbation. More specifically, the targeted neuromuscular responses were trunk muscle activity reflex and trunk kinematics under the influence of muscle fatigue, spinal creep, and musculoskeletal pain. Methods: A research of the literature was conducted in Pubmed, Embase, and Sport-Discus databases using terms related to trunk neuromuscular reflex responses, measured by electromyography (baseline activity, reflex latency, and reflex amplitude) and/or trunk kinematic, in context of unexpected external perturbation. Moreover, independent variables must be either trunk muscle fatigue or spinal tissue creep or LBP. All included articles were scored for their electromyography methodology based on the “Surface Electromyography for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM)” and the “International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology (ISEK)” recommendations whereas overall quality of articles was scored using a specific quality checklist modified from the Quality Index. Meta-analysis was performed on reflex latency variable. Results: A final set of 29 articles underwent quality assessments. The mean quality score was 79%. No effect of muscle fatigue on erector spinae reflex latency following an unexpected perturbation, nor any other distinctive effects was found for back muscle fatigue and reflex parameters. As for spinal tissue creep effects, no alteration was found for any of the trunk reflex variables. Finally, the meta-analysis revealed an increased erector spinae reflex latency in patients with chronic LBP in comparison with healthy controls following an unexpected trunk perturbation. Conclusion: The literature provides some evidence with regard to trunk adaptions in a context of spinal instability. However, most of the evidence was inconclusive due to a high methodological heterogeneity between the studies

Spinal manipulation frequency and dosage effects on clinical and physiological outcomes: a scoping review

Introduction: The burden of musculoskeletal disorders increases every year, with low back and neck pain being the most frequently reported conditions for seeking manual therapy treatment. In recent years, manual therapy research has begun exploring the dose-response relationship between spinal manipulation treatment characteristics and both clinical and physiological response to treatment. Objective: The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and appraise the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of spinal manipulation frequency and dosage on both clinical and physiological responses. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to identify all available studies pertaining to our research question. Retrieved papers were screened using a 2-phase method, a selective sorting with titles and abstracts. Potentially relevant studies were read, and data was extracted for all included studies. Randomized control trials were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for quality assessment. Results: The search yielded 4854 publications from which 32 were included for analysis. Results were sorted by dosage or frequency outcomes, and divided into human or animal studies. Animal studies mainly focused on dosage and evaluated physiological outcomes only. Studies investigating spinal manipulation dosage effects involved both human and animal research, and showed that varying thrust forces, or thrust durations can impact vertebral displacement, muscular response amplitude or muscle spindle activity. Risk of bias analysis indicated only two clinical trials assessing frequency effects presented a low risk of bias. Although trends in improvement were observed and indicated that increasing the number of SM visits in a short period of time (few weeks) decreased pain and improve disability, the differences between the studied treatment frequencies, were often not statistically significant and therefore not clinically meaningful. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that SM dosage and frequency effects have been mostly studied over the past two decades. Definitions for these two concepts however differ across studies. Overall, the results showed that treatment frequency does not significantly affect clinical outcomes during and following a SM treatment period. Dosage effects clearly influence short-term physiological responses to SM treatment, but relationships between these responses and clinical outcomes remains to be investigated. © 2019 The Author(s)

Headache-related clinical features in teleworkers and their association with coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectivesThe objectives were (1) to describe and compare headache-related clinical features between teleworkers with migraine and those with tension-type headache (TTH) and (2) to determine the association between coping strategies and headache frequency, and intensity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 284 teleworkers (127 with migraine and 157 with TTH). Sociodemographic data, information related to work factors, headache clinical features, coping strategies used during the COVID-19 pandemic, and headache-related clinical features were compared between headache profiles. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between coping strategies and headache frequency, and intensity.ResultsResults showed that teleworkers with migraine had longer and more painful headache episodes than teleworkers with TTH (ps < 0.001). Higher migraine frequency was associated with the use of the denial coping strategy (p = 0.006) while lower migraine intensity was associated with planning (p = 0.046) and the use of positive reframing (p = 0.025). Higher TTH frequency was associated with the use of venting, self-blame, and behavioral disengagement (ps < 0.007) while higher TTH intensity was associated with substance use and behavioral disengagement (ps < 0.030). All associations remained significant after adjusting for BMI as a covariate.Discussion/conclusionTeleworkers with migraine had more intense and longer headache episodes than teleworkers with TTH. This could be explained by the fact that a greater proportion of individuals suffering from migraine experienced headaches prior to the beginning of the pandemic compared with teleworkers suffering from TTH. Regarding coping strategies, both primary headache profiles were associated with different types of coping strategies. Most of the coping strategies associated with headache frequency or intensity were maladaptive except for planning and positive reframing that were found to be inversely associated with migraine intensity

A united statement of the global chiropractic research community against the pseudoscientific claim that chiropractic care boosts immunity.

BACKGROUND: In the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, the International Chiropractors Association (ICA) posted reports claiming that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. These claims clash with recommendations from the World Health Organization and World Federation of Chiropractic. We discuss the scientific validity of the claims made in these ICA reports. MAIN BODY: We reviewed the two reports posted by the ICA on their website on March 20 and March 28, 2020. We explored the method used to develop the claim that chiropractic adjustments impact the immune system and discuss the scientific merit of that claim. We provide a response to the ICA reports and explain why this claim lacks scientific credibility and is dangerous to the public. More than 150 researchers from 11 countries reviewed and endorsed our response. CONCLUSION: In their reports, the ICA provided no valid clinical scientific evidence that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. We call on regulatory authorities and professional leaders to take robust political and regulatory action against those claiming that chiropractic adjustments have a clinical impact on the immune system

Predictive factors of back pain during childhood and adolescence

Les douleurs rachidiennes représentent un problème de santé important aux impacts socio-économique majeurs. Les rachialgies débutent tôt, durant l’enfance, leur prévalence augmente avec l’âge, particulièrement durant la période pubertaire, pour atteindre un niveau similaire à celui de l’âge adulte aux alentours de 20 ans. Malgré la fréquence de cette condition, les facteurs prédictifs du développement du premier épisode de douleur rachidienne ou d’un nouvel épisode sont très peu connus. Les travaux constitutifs de cette thèse ont pour objectif d’explorer différents facteurs prédictifs potentiels de douleurs rachidiennes chez les enfants et les adolescents. Une première revue de littérature a montré qu’il existe une association entre la puberté et les rachialgies. Les critères de causalité, décrits par Bradford-Hill, comme la force de l’association, la consistance entre les études et la relation dose-effet sont également présents. Cependant, il n’est pas encore possible de se prononcer sur le critère essentiel de la temporalité. La deuxième revue de littérature a permis de mettre en évidence une association positive entre l’endurance musculaire en extension et les douleurs rachidiennes, alors qu’aucune association n’a été mise en évidence entre la force musculaire en extension du tronc et les douleurs rachidiennes. Les données disponibles de la littérature ne permettent pas de ce prononcer concernant l’association entre les rachialgies et les capacités aérobies. La troisième étude, une étude prospective de suivi des enfants durant une année, n’a pas mis en évidence d’association entre les capacités aérobies, la composition corporelle et les douleurs au niveau du rachis. Deux facteurs sont donc associés aux douleurs rachidiennes, la puberté et une faible endurance musculaire. Les recherches dans ce domaine doivent êtres poursuivies pour déterminer l’existence d’un lien de causalité de ces facteurs sur les douleurs du rachis.Spinal pain is a major health problem with socio-economic impacts. Back pain starts early, during childhood, the prevalence increases with age, particularly during puberty, to reach a similar level to that found at adulthood, around the age of 20. Despite the high prevalence of this condition, predictors for the first episode or for a recurrent episode are not known. The aim of this thesis is to explore different potential predictors of back pain during childhood and adolescence. A first literature review showed an association between puberty and back pain. The causality criteria described by Bradford- Hill, e.g. strength of the association, consistency across studies and dose -response are also present. Unfortunately,, it is not yet possible to conclude whether there is a temporal aspect as well; for temporality being the most important criterion. The second literature review showed a positive association between muscular endurance in extension and back pain, whereas no association was found between muscle strength in trunk extension and spinal pain. The available literature does not allow us to conclude about the potential association between aerobic capacity and back pain. The third study is a prospective study, in which children were followed during ten months. This study did not reveal any association between aerobic capacity, body composition and back pain. In conclusion, two factors are associated with back pain, puberty and low muscle endurance. Future research in this area should focus on the causal relationship between these factors and back pain