Earlinet - lidar algorithm intercomparison

Postprint (published version

Accelerating time domain simulations of PLLs

\u3cp\u3eWe present a method to speed up noise-free and noisy time domain simulations of industrial integer-N PLLs, while extracting the main factors of interest which circuit designers are interested in, i.e., locking time, power consumption, phase noise and jitter, within desirable error levels. The procedure is based on oscillator's sensitivity analysis and on the creation of a phase macromodel for it and the loop divider.\u3c/p\u3

Fast and accurate time-domain simulations of integer-N PLLs

\u3cp\u3eWe present a methodology to simulate industrial integer-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) at a verification level, as accurate as and faster than transistor-level simulation. The accuracy is measured on the PLL factors of interest, i.e., locking time, power consumption, phase noise and jitter (period and long-term). The speedup factor tends to the division ratio N for device-noise simulations. We develop a unifying technique which is able to deal with both noise-free and device-noise analyses, taking into account nonlinear and second-order effects visible at transistor-level simulation only, whereas previous works focused on one of the two analyses, separately. The procedure is based on oscillator's sensitivity analysis and on the creation of a phase macromodel for the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) together with the loop divider (the phase model is called VCODIV), whilst the other PLL's blocks remain at transistor level. The macromodel's phase law is characterized by a piecewise linear curve, representing the sensitivity of the VCODIV output's phase deviation with respect to the voltage variation of the VCO's control pin, and by the effects of all the VCO's and divider's noise sources on the model's output. We show two experiments on industrial PLLs, and provide guidelines for designers which highlight the steps needed to implement the methodology by using well-known analyses in circuit simulation and Verilog-A for the creation of the macromodel.\u3c/p\u3

Photo-oxidant formation in the Milan metropolitan area

During the Limitation of Oxidant Prodn. (LOOP) campaign, different instruments were deployed, providing a complete data set. This will be used to evaluate the model and its ability to reproduce pollution events. Then, the complete data set will be used for a better definition of the model inputs. The final aim of the LOOP project is to use the model to test different abatement strategies, particularly by defining the region where ozone prodn. is NOx or VOC sensitive