Explanatory Factors for Public Transportation Financing Needs in Spain

Public transport financing in Spain has generated interest due to the absence of a governing regulatory framework. There is a need for rules that help allocate public subsidies to guarantee the system’s financial sustainability. Without explicit regulation, the current system for assigning and distributing public funding among Spanish cities has become unbalanced. Our goal is to identify the principal factors that explain why urban transport services in different cities require varying levels of public financing. Our results show that variables such as the “passengers,” “number of vehicles,” “number of employees,” “autonomous community deficit”, and “population density” are influencing factors for the needs of public subsidies. Document type: Articl

Eye placement bias is remarkably robust

When drawing faces, people show a systematic bias of placing the eyes higher up the head than they are placed in reality. This study investigated the development of this phenomenon while removing the potential confound of drawing ability. Participants (N = 124) in three age groups (3–5 yo, 10–11 yo, and adults) reconstructed two foam faces: one from observation and one from memory. The high eye placement bias was remarkably robust with mean eye placement in every condition significantly higher than the original faces. The same bias was not shown for mouth placement. Eye placement was highest for the youngest participants and for the memory conditions. The results suggest that an eye placement bias is not caused by the motor skill demands required for drawing and lend evidence to the suggestion that an eye placement bias is caused by perceptual and decision-making processes

From static to Vaidya solutions in scalar tensor theories

We consider some classes of Horndeski theories in four dimensions for which a certain combination of the Einstein equations within a spherical ansatz splits into two distinct branches. Recently, for these theories, some integrability and compatibility conditions have been established which have made it possible to obtain black hole solutions depending on a single integration constant identified as the mass. Here, we will show that these compatibility conditions can be generalized to accommodate a time dependence by promoting the constant mass to an arbitrary function of the retarded (advanced) time. As a direct consequence, we prove that all the static black hole solutions can be naturally promoted to non static Vaidya-like solutions. We extend this study in arbitrary higher dimensions where the pure gravity part is now described by the Lovelock theory and, where the scalar field action enjoyed the conformal invariance. For these theories, the splitting in two branches is also effective, and we show that their known static black hole solutions can as well be promoted to Vaidya-like solutions.Comment: 7 page

Relação entre a organização da sala de aula em grupos e a participação dos estudantes em atividades de produção oral nas aulas de inglês como língua estrangeira em uma escola secundaria no Chile

In the Chilean context, classrooms tend to have a vertical distribution of seats and desks, commonly known as rows. This action research aims to investigate the effects of changing this distribution from rows to separate tables in students’ participation in speaking activities in efl lessons. This study was carried out over a month and it consisted of two phases: the first, under the orderly rows, and the second, under the separate-table seating arrangement. Each phase was recorded and a sample of students was interviewed for the analysis of their perception of the two different seating arrangements and their participation in classes. The results showed that separate tables enhance interaction among learners, who had a positive attitude towards the new organization and seemed intrinsically motivated to participate in efl lessons. However, Spanish was mostly used. Nonetheless, the participants cherished the opportunity to interact with their classmates in a relaxed, inviting environment.  En el contexto chileno, las salas de clases tienden a tener una organización vertical, comúnmente conocida como filas. Este trabajo de investigación-acción busca conocer los efectos de cambiar esta distribución de filas a grupos, en la participación de los estudiantes en actividades de producción oral en clases de inglés. Este estudio fue llevado a cabo durante un mes y comprendió dos fases: la primera, con la sala de clases organizada en filas, y la segunda, en grupos. Cada fase fue grabada y se entrevistó a una muestra de estudiantes para analizar sus percepciones sobre los dos tipos de organización y su participación en clases. Los resultados mostraron que la organización en grupos estimula la interacción entre los estudiantes, quienes muestran una actitud positiva hacia la nueva organización de la sala de clases y parecen motivados a participar, aun cuando mayoritariamente hablaron en español. No obstante, los participantes valoraron la oportunidad de interactuar con sus compañeros en un ambiente relajado y acogedor. No chile, as salas de aula têm usualmente uma organização vertical, conhecida como linhas. Esta investigação ação procura conhecer os efeitos ao mudar essa distribuição de linhas para grupos na participação dos estudantes em atividades de produção oral em aulas de inglês. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido durante um mês em duas fases: a primeira, utilizando linhas e a segunda, grupos. Cada fase foi gravada e uma mostra de estudantes foram entrevistados para a análise de suas percepções sobre os tipos de organização e sua participação na aula. Os resultados mostraram que a organização em grupos estimula a interação entre os estudantes, eles exibem uma atitude positiva frente a nova organização da sala de aula e parecem motivados para participar, mesmo se o espanhol foi utilizado a maior parte do tempo. Contudo, os participantes valoraram a oportunidade de interatuar com seus companheiros em um ambiente descontraído e acolhedor.

ANALISIS KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN EKONOMI KELAS XI IPS DI SMA SANTO FRANSISKUS ASISI

AbstractThis research aimed to determine social skills of students in learning Economics class XI IPS SMA Santo Fransiskus Asisi. This research was based on the finding of a problem when researcher made observations about students' social skills in learning Economics. The research method used was the type of qualitative research and in form of descriptive research. Sources of data in this research were students of class XI IPS totaling 37 people and the Economics teacher. Data collection was obtained through observation guidelines and interview guidelines, and then analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification on students' social skills based on a comparison of percentages and predicates, then checking the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. Researcher conducted the research by observing 3 times and interviewing 2 days. The results showed that social skills of students had already taken place in the process of Economics learning class XI IPS SMA Fransiskus Asisi. These skills included Social Presentation skills can be categorized quite well by having a percentage of 67%, Social Scanning Skills can be categorized quite well by having a percentage of 64%, and Social Flexibility skills can be quite well categorized by having a percentage of 63%.Keywords: Economics Learning, Social Skills, Students of Class XI IP

Pierwotna nadczynność przytarczyc o niewielkim nasileniu — porównanie leczenia farmakologicznego i obserwacji klinicznej w ramach trwającego pięć lat badania klinicznego

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an increasingly common endocrine disorder. Most patients with PHPT do not have disease-specific symptoms. The management of these patients has been widely debated. Recent studies have shown the importance of following up asymptomatic patients in order to reduce co-morbidity. However, there are conflicting opinions as to medical management. The aim of our study was to compare the outcome of PHPT patients on antiresorptive therapy vs. observation only.Material and methods: We longitudinally evaluated 157 PHPT patients (126 females) aged 22–90 years. Patients who did not undergo surgery were divided into two groups: those on anti-resorptive therapy (N = 52), and those without any treatment (N = 37). Patients who were disease-free after surgery (N = 50) served as controls.Results: The values of serum calcium (S-Ca), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and indices of bone metabolism did not differ significantly among the three groups of subjects. No differences in 25(OH)-vitamin D levels were noted. Bone mineral density (BMD) was not significantly different at the spinal level. Finally, we found no evidence of an effect of medical treatment on quality of life (QoL). However, QoL significantly improved in the surgery group after parathyroidectomy (PTX).Conclusions: This study provided up-to-date information in terms of biochemical progression on the natural history of PHPT patients. No significant differences emerged between anti-resorptive therapy and observation only. It is not yet possible to assess the effect of pharmacological treatments on QoL in statistical terms. (Endokrynol Pol 2014; 65 (6): 456–463)Wstęp: Pierwotna nadczynność przytarczyc (PHPT) jest coraz częściej spotykanym zaburzeniem endokrynologicznym. Większość dotkniętych nim pacjentów nie ma szczególnych objawów podmiotowych, a metody leczenia schorzenia pozostają przedmiotem dyskusji. Najnowsze publikacje wskazują na konieczność obserwowania pacjentów bezobjawowych, co ma na celu zmniejszenie zapadalności na schorzenia współistniejące. Opinie na temat leczenia farmakologicznego są jednak podzielone. Celem niniejszego badania było porównanie przebiegu PHPT u pacjentów przyjmujących leki zmniejszające resorpcję kości i u pacjentów poddanych jedynie obserwacji.Materiał i metody: Przeanalizowano dane 157 pacjentów (w tym 126 kobiet) w wieku 22–90 lat chorujących na PHPT. Pacjentów nieleczonych chirurgicznie podzielono na dwie grupy: grupa leczonych preparatami hamującymi resorpcję kości (n = 52) i grupa nieleczona farmakologicznie (n = 37). W grupie kontrolnej znaleźli się pacjenci bez objawów choroby po zabiegu chirurgicznym (n = 50).Wyniki: Stężenia wapnia w surowicy (S-Ca), aktywność parathormonu (PTH) i wskaźniki metabolizmu kostnego nie różniły się istotnie w trzech badanych grupach pacjentów. Nie stwierdzono różnic pod względem stężenia witaminy 25-OH-D (hydroksycholekalcyferolu). Gęstość mineralna kości (BMD) w obrębie kręgosłupa nie różniła się istotnie pomiędzy grupami. Nie stwierdzono też wpływu farmakoterapii na jakość życia (QoL). Odnotowano jednak, że QoL poprawiła się istotnie po zabiegu paratyreoidektomii (PTX) w grupie operowanej.Wnioski: Niniejsze badanie przynosi informacje na temat naturalnego przebiegu i zmian biochemicznych u chorych na PHPT. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic pomiędzy grupą pacjentów leczonych preparatami hamującymi resorpcję kości a pacjentami nieleczonymi. Nie można jednak było ocenić statystycznie wpływu leczenia farmakologicznego na QoL. (Endokrynol Pol 2014; 65 (6): 456–463

Valoración de una bebida a base de zuma de maracuyá enriquecida con sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis

En el laboratorio de procesamiento de alimentos de la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias de la ESPOCH, se evaluó la adición de tres niveles de aceite de sacha inchi 1, 2 y 3%, en la elaboración de una bebida a base de zumo de maracuyá, frente a un tratamiento control 0%, distribuidas bajo un diseño completamente al azar, los resultados fueron sometidos a los análisis de varianza y la separación de medias según Tukey (P<0,05), con un total de cinco repeticiones por tratamiento y un tamaño de unidad experimental de 1 litro por bebida. Estableciendo así que las propiedades físico químicas se vieron afectadas estadísticamente añadiendo el 3% de aceite de sacha inchi, con resultados en el contenido de humedad de (62,55%), en el parámetro proteína de (1,93%), la grasa con un valor de (2,74%), la cenizas de (1,83%), y la fibra de (0,54%). En el pH se obtuvo 3,96 y en la acidez de 1,092 °D. Los análisis microbiológicos demostraron ausencia total de coliformes totales, la presencia de mohos y levaduras están por debajo del límite de aceptación permitido para bebidas y refrescos elaborados con concentrados de pulpas de frutas (NTE-INEN 1529-5). De acuerdo a las características organolépticas, la bebida de maracuyá reportó una buena aceptación añadiendo el 3% de aceite de sacha inchi, ya que el color fue de 4,12 puntos, olor de 4,08 puntos; sabor 4,00 puntos y en carácter apetecible de 3,92 puntos sobre una escala no paramétrica del 1 al 5; además el beneficio por un litro de bebida será de 80 centavos, lo cual permite innovar en la industria agroalimentaria con un producto rentable y beneficio para la salud de los consumidores. (Palabras claves: sacha inchi, maracuyá, bebida)The present research was carried out with the objetive of evaluating a drink made with passion fruit juice enriched with Sacha Inchi Oil (plukenetia volubilis), in the food processing laboratory at animal sciencies Faculty ESPOCH (Polytechnic School of Chimborazo), addition of three levels of 1, 2 and 3% Sacha Inchi Oil, in the preparation of this beverage, against a 0% control treatment, distributed under a completely randomized desing, the results were subjected to analysis of variance and separation of maize acoording to Tukey (P<0,05),with a total of five replicates per treatment and an experimental unit size of 1 liter per beverage. Thus, the chemical properties were statistically affected by adding 3% from Sacha Inchi Oil, with results in the moisture content of (62,55%), the parameter of protein (1,93%), fat with a value (2,74%), the ash of (1,83%), and the fiber of (0,54%). In the pH was obtained 3,96 and in the acidity of 1,092 °D. During the analysis reported a microbiological test showed total absence of total coliforms, presence of molds and yeast are below the limit of acceptance allowed for beverages and processed soft drinks whit fruit pulp concentrates National Institute for Standardization (NTE-INEN 1529-5). According to the organoleptic characteristics, the passion fruit drink reported a good acceptance by adding 3% Sacha Inchi Oil, since the color was of 4,12 points, a smell of 4,08 points; flavor 4.00 points and appetezing carácter of 3.92 points on a non-parametric scale from 1 to 5; In addition, the benefit per one liter of drink will be 80 cents, which allows to innovate in the Agri-food industry with a profitable product and benefit for the health of the consumers. (Key words: SACHA INCHI OIL, PASSION FRUIT, BEVERAGE)

EL "MAL DE LAS VACAS LOCAS": UN TEMA DE BIOÉTICA EN LOS NUEVOS ESCENARIOS

La encefalopatía espongiforme bovina ("mal de las vacas locas"), se produce en un momento y en un contexto que permiten resaltar los éxitos y fracasos de la biotecnología. En el marco de la globalización ha quedado de manifiesto la necesidad de establecer límites para la tecnociencia que en materia de logros aparecía como ilimitada. Se ha puesto en la balanza la rentabilidad de la industria cárnica versus la salud pública. El mal de las vacas locas constituye un traspié que no fue previsto, porque no era previsible en la perfectibilidad del sistema, lo que ha dejado al descubierto una fisura que, por ahora, es contextual. El contagio de las vacas a las personas es una campana de alarma, una advertencia que debe ser escuchada. La crisis esta recién en su etapa inicia

Efecto de tres niveles de aceite de sacha inchi Plukenetia volubilis en la dieta de pollos de engorde en la línea cobb

Se utilizó aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L) en alimentación de pollos broiler como aditivo en la alimentación tradicional. El experimento se ejecutó en la parroquia San Jacinto del Búa, Cantón Santo Domingo de los Colorados, provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Se establecieron tres niveles experimentales de aceite de sacha inchi al 2, 4 y 6% de adición. Para cada tratamiento se empleó 80 pollos broiler, distribuidos bajo un diseño completamente al azar, la fase de alimentación fue de 49 días. El aceite de sacha inchi aporta: alto contenido en ácidos grasos omega 3 (más de 48%), omega 6 (36%) y omega 9 (8%). Su digestibilidad es muy alta (más de 96%). Y contiene antioxidantes vitamina A y alfa-tocoferol vitamina E. Los parámetros productivos expresados en ganancias de peso y consumos de materia alimento y conversión alimenticia son estadísticamente superiores (P<0.01) en pollos broiler que consumieron el alimento con la adición de 6 % de aceite de sacha inchi, con un peso a la canal de 2.329,78 g y conversión alimenticia 1,85. Los parámetros del tracto digestivo evaluados como: longitud del tracto digestivo, peso de la molleja, longitud y peso del intestino delgado y grueso, no presentaron diferencias significativas (p= 0,05). La adición de aceite de sacha inchi determinó la oportunidad de aprovechar un Beneficio/Costo de 1.12 USD al 6 % de esta materia prima, demostrando que es posible incluir este aceite en dietas tradicionales, manteniendo un buen comportamiento productivo y fisiológico en pollos broiler. Se recomienda probar la inclusión de aceite de sacha inchi como alimento en otras especies como cuyes, conejos, cerdos y bovinos, etc.Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L) is used as feed additive broiler chicken traditional food. The experiment was performed in San Jacinto Búa parish, Santo Domingo de los Colorados Town, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province. Three experimental levels inchi oil Sacha 2.4 and 6% addition settled. For each treatment, 80 broilers, distributed under a completely randomized design, the feeding phase was 49 days was used. Sacha inchi oil provides: high in omega-3 (over 48%), omega 6 (36%) and Omega 9 (8%) fatty acids. Your digestibility is very high (over 96%). And it contains antioxidants vitamin A and alpha-tocopherol vitamin E. The production parameters expressed in weight gain and food consumption and feed conversion material are statistically higher (P <0.01) in broiler chickens that ate food with the addition of 6% Sacha inchi oil with a carcass weight of 2329.78 g and feed conversion 1.85. The physiological parameters evaluated as: length of the digestive tract, gizzard weight, length and weight of the small and large intestine, were not significantly different (p = 0.05). The addition of oil sacha inchi found the opportunity to take advantage of a Benefit / Cost 1.12 USD to 6% of this raw material, showing that it is possible to include this oil in traditional diets, maintaining good productive and physiological behavior in broiler chickens. We recommend testing the inclusion of Sacha inchi oil as food for other species such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs and cattle, etc

Effect of equivalence ratio fluctuations on planar detonation discontinuities

We propose a linear asymptotic theory to describe the propagation of planar detonation fronts through heterogeneous mixtures of reactive gases consisting of random fluctuations in the fuel mass fraction. The analysis starts with the derivation of the transfer functions that relate the upstream fuel mass fraction inhomogeneities with the burnt-gas perturbations via normal mode analysis. These results are then used in a Fourier analysis of a detonation wave interacting with two- and three-dimensional isotropic heterogeneous fields. This yields integral formulae for the turbulent kinetic energy, sonic energy and averaged vorticity and entropy production rates. Second-order corrections for the turbulent Rankine-Hugoniot conditions are also obtained, along with analytical expressions for the deviation of the detonation velocity with respect to that of the equivalent homogeneous mixture. Upstream inhomogeneities are found to speed up the detonation front in the vast majority of scenarios studied, with a velocity amplification factor that depends on the properties of the fuel-air mixture, particularly on the variation of the density and the heat release with the fuel mass fraction.Work produced with the support of a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation and project PID2019-108592RB-C41 (MICINN/FEDER, UE). The authors are grateful to Dr. Martinez-Ruiz for the fruitful discussions