Nouvelles perspectives sur les Cañaris d’hier et d’aujourd’hui : la céramique des Andes méridionales de l’Équateur de 100 av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours

Les Cañaris constituent une population actuellement implantée dans les Andes méridionales de l’Équateur. Ils affirment être les descendants du groupe homonyme qui – d’après les données archéologiques – a habité ce territoire au moins à partir de 100 av. J.-C., et ce jusqu’à l’arrivée des Incas, puis des Espagnols, entre les xve et xvie siècles. Une étude ethnohistorique récente affirme toutefois que les Cañaris préhispaniques n’auraient quasiment pas survécu à ces deux conquêtes successives, et que les Cañaris contemporains sont en fait issus du métissage entre des populations non locales. Cet article se propose d’interroger cette hypothèse à partir de la mise en œuvre d’une approche technologique appliquée à l’étude comparative de la céramique passée et actuelle de la région. Les résultats obtenus apportent également des éléments nouveaux quant à la compréhension de la variabilité de la céramique cañari précolombienne.Los cañaris son una población actualmente asentada en los Andes meridionales del Ecuador. Afirman ser los descendientes del grupo homónimo que –según los datos arqueológicos– ocupó el mismo territorio entre al menos 100 a.C. y la llegada de los incas y españoles entre los siglos xv y xvi de nuestra era. Un estudio etnohistórico reciente afirma no obstante que los cañaris prehispánicos prácticamente no sobrevivieron a estas dos conquistas sucesivas, y que los cañaris actuales son en realidad el resultado del mestizaje entre poblaciones no locales. El presente artículo se propone comprobar esta hipótesis a través de la puesta en práctica de un enfoque tecnológico aplicado al estudio comparativo de la cerámica pasada y actual de la región. Los resultados obtenidos permiten además aportar nuevos elementos en cuanto a la comprensión de la variabilidad de la cerámica cañari precolombina.The Cañaris are a group currently settled in the southern Andes of Ecuador. They claim to be the descendants of the homonym group which—according to archaeological data—inhabited the same territory between at least 100 BC and the arrival of the Incas and Spaniards between the xv and xvi centuries AD. However, a recent ethnohistoric study claims that the vast majority of Precolumbian Cañaris did not survive these two successive conquests, and that the modern Cañaris are actually the result of a cultural mix between non local groups. This article seeks to test this hypothesis through the implementation of a technological approach applied to a comparative study of the ancient and current ceramics from the southern Andes of Ecuador. The results obtained also shed new light on the variability of Cañari Precolumbian ceramics

Integration of Technology into Teaching by University College of Education Faculty

School of Teaching, Learning and Educational Science

Exportación de café tostado y molido en filtrante de taza a Santiago de Chile

Este trabajo se hizo con el principal objetivo de satisfacer la necesidad del consumo de café en Santiago de Chile, café proveniente de granos naturales en una cantidad regulada en filtrante de taza importado. Su presentación se caracteriza en ser tostado y molido listo para el consumo solo añadiendo agua a la taza. El análisis de mercado se enfoca en los ciudadanos de Santiago de Chile, ya que mantiene una economía estable con uno de los PBI per cápita más altos de Sudamérica y con un consumo económico de canasta familiar alto. Además, es uno de los mayores importadores de café proveniente de grano en diferentes presentaciones; debido a que, el país no produce café y posee un porcentaje en crecimiento de consumidores cafetaleros

Observation of Amounts of Movement Practice Provided during Stroke Rehabilitation

Objective To investigate how much movement practice occurred during stroke rehabilitation, and what factors might influence doses of practice provided. Design Observational survey of stroke therapy sessions. Setting Seven inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation sites. Participants We observed a convenience sample of 312 physical and occupational therapy sessions for people with stroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures We recorded numbers of repetitions in specific movement categories and data on potential modifying factors (patient age, side affected, time since stroke, FIM item scores, years of therapist experience). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize amounts of practice. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine whether potential factors were related to the amount of practice in the 2 important categories of upper extremity functional movements and gait steps. Results Practice of task-specific, functional upper extremity movements occurred in 51% of the sessions that addressed upper limb rehabilitation, and the average number of repetitions/session was 32 (95% confidence interval [CI]=20–44). Practice of gait occurred in 84% of sessions that addressed lower limb rehabilitation and the average number of gait steps/session was 357 (95% CI=296–418). None of the potential factors listed accounted for significant variance in the amount of practice in either of these 2 categories. Conclusions The amount of practice provided during poststroke rehabilitation is small compared with animal models. It is possible that current doses of task-specific practice during rehabilitation are not adequate to drive the neural reorganization needed to promote function poststroke optimally

Cloning and overexpression of two cDNAs encoding the low-CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-inducible chloroplast envelope protein LIP-36 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, grows photoautotrophically at very low concentrations of inorganic carbon due to the presence of an inducible CO2-concentrating mechanism. During the induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism at low-CO2 growth conditions, at least five polypeptides that are either absent or present in low amounts in cells grown on high-CO2 concentrations are induced. One of these induced polypeptides with a molecular mass of 36 kD, LIP-36, has been localized to the chloroplast envelope. The protein was purified and the partial internal amino acid sequences were obtained through lys-C digestion. Two cDNAs encoding LIP-36 have been cloned using degenerate primers based on the amino acid sequences. The two genes encoding LIP-36 are highly homologous in the coding region but are completely different in the 5\u27-end and 3\u27-end untranslated regions. The deduced protein sequences show strong homology to the mitochondrial carrier protein superfamily, suggesting that LIP-36 is a chloroplast carrier protein. The regulation of the expression of these two genes at high- and low-CO2 growth conditions is also different. Both genes were highly expressed under low-CO2 growth conditions, with the steady-state level of LIP-36 G1 mRNA more abundant. However, neither gene was expressed at high-CO2 growth conditions. The gene products of both clones expressed in Escherichia coli were recognized by an antibody raised against LIP-36, confirming that the two cDNAs indeed encode the C. reinhardtii chloroplast envelope carrier protein LIP-36

Trends In The Alignment And Harmonization Of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, And Child Health Funding, 2008-13.

Donor financing to low- and middle-income countries for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health increased substantially from 2008 to 2013. However, increased spending by donors might not improve outcomes, if funds are delivered in ways that undermine countries' public financial management systems and incur high transaction costs for project implementation. We combined quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the quality of funding for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health globally and in Tanzania, based on two principles of aid effectiveness: the alignment of donor financing with the recipient country's public health financial management systems, and donor harmonization for coordinated, transparent, and collectively effective actions. We found that alignment of donor financing deteriorated throughout the period, with the proportion of funds channeled through governments decreasing from 47 percent to 39 percent. Tanzania-based donors attributed the change to the pressure donors were under to achieve and show results. Donor harmonization was low overall and remained relatively constant, although it increased in sub-Saharan Africa and decreased in South Asia. Bilateral funding agencies were the most harmonized donors. We recommend that future assessments of Sustainable Development Goals financing include measures of harmonization and alignment of funding

Asking new questions with old data: The Centralized Open-Access Rehabilitation database for Stroke

Background: This paper introduces a tool for streamlining data integration in rehabilitation science, the Centralized Open-Access Rehabilitation database for Stroke (SCOAR), which allows researchers to quickly visualize relationships among variables, efficiently share data, generate hypotheses, and enhance clinical trial design. Methods: Bibliographic databases were searched according to inclusion criteria leaving 2,892 titles that were further screened to 514 manuscripts to be screened by full text, leaving 215 randomized controlled trials in the database (489 independent groups representing 12,847 patients). Demographic, methodological, and statistical data were extracted by independent coders and entered into SCOAR. Results: Trial data came from 114 locations in 27 different countries and represented patients with a wide range of ages, 62 yr 41; 85, (shown as median range) and at various stages of recovery following their stroke, 141 d 1; 3372. There was considerable variation in the dose of therapy that patients received, 20 h 0; 221, over interventions of different durations, 28 d 10; 365. There was also a lack of common data elements (CDEs) across trials, but this lack of CDEs was most pronounced for baseline assessments of patient impairment and severity of stroke. Conclusions: Data integration across hundreds of RCTs allows clinicians and researchers to quickly visualize data from the history of the field and lays the foundation for making SCOAR a living database to which researchers can upload new data as trial results are published. SCOAR is a useful tool for clinicians and researchers that will facilitate data visualization, data sharing, the finding of relevant past studies, and the design of clinical trials by enabling more accurate and comprehensive power analyses. Furthermore, these data speak to the need for CDEs specific to stroke rehabilitation in randomized controlled trials.PROSPERO# CRD420140901

Assessment of corporate compliance with guidance and regulations on labels of commercially produced complementary foods sold in Cambodia, Nepal, Senegal and Tanzania

National legislation and global guidance address labelling of complementary foods to ensure that labels support optimal infant and young child feeding practices. This cross-sectional study assessed the labels of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) sold in Phnom Penh (n = 70), Cambodia; Kathmandu Valley (n = 22), Nepal; Dakar Department (n = 84), Senegal; and Dar es Salaam (n = 26), Tanzania. Between 3.6% and 30% of products did not provide any age recommendation and 8.6 20.2% of products, from all sites, recommended an age of introduction of <6 months. Few CPCF products provided a daily ration (0.0 8.6%) and 14.5 55.6% of those that did exceeded the daily energy recommendation for complementary foods for a breastfed child from 6 to 8.9 months of age.Only 3.6 27.3%of labels provided accurate and completemessages in the required language encouraging exclusive breastfeeding, and almost none (0.0 2.9%) provided accurate and complete messages regarding the appropriate introduction of complementary foods together with continued breastfeeding. Between 34.3% and 70.2% of CPCF manufacturers also produced breastmilk substitutes and 41.7 78.0% of relevant CPCF products cross-promoted their breastmilk substitutes products. Labelling practices of CPCF included in this study do not fully comply with international guidance on their promotion and selected aspects of national legislation, and there is a need for more detailed normative guidance on certain promotion practices in order to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding