496 research outputs found
Non-LTE Models and Theoretical Spectra of Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei. III. Integrated Spectra for Hydrogen-Helium Disks
We have constructed a grid of non-LTE disk models for a wide range of black
hole mass and mass accretion rate, for several values of viscosity parameter
alpha, and for two extreme values of the black hole spin: the maximum-rotation
Kerr black hole, and the Schwarzschild (non-rotating) black hole. Our procedure
calculates self-consistently the vertical structure of all disk annuli together
with the radiation field, without any approximations imposed on the optical
thickness of the disk, and without any ad hoc approximations to the behavior of
the radiation intensity. The total spectrum of a disk is computed by summing
the spectra of the individual annuli, taking into account the general
relativistic transfer function. The grid covers nine values of the black hole
mass between M = 1/8 and 32 billion solar masses with a two-fold increase of
mass for each subsequent value; and eleven values of the mass accretion rate,
each a power of 2 times 1 solar mass/year. The highest value of the accretion
rate corresponds to 0.3 Eddington. We show the vertical structure of individual
annuli within the set of accretion disk models, along with their local emergent
flux, and discuss the internal physical self-consistency of the models. We then
present the full disk-integrated spectra, and discuss a number of
observationally interesting properties of the models, such as
optical/ultraviolet colors, the behavior of the hydrogen Lyman limit region,
polarization, and number of ionizing photons. Our calculations are far from
definitive in terms of the input physics, but generally we find that our models
exhibit rather red optical/UV colors. Flux discontinuities in the region of the
hydrogen Lyman limit are only present in cool, low luminosity models, while
hotter models exhibit blueshifted changes in spectral slope.Comment: 20 pages, 31 figures, ApJ in press, spectral models are available for
downloading at http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~blaes/habk
Non-LTE Models and Theoretical Spectra of Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei
We present self-consistent models of the vertical structure and emergent
spectrum of AGN accretion disks. The central object is assumed to be a
supermassive Kerr black hole. We demonstrate that NLTE effects and the effects
of a self-consistent vertical structure of a disk play a very important role in
determining the emergent radiation, and therefore should be taken into account.
In particular, NLTE models exhibit a largely diminished H I Lyman discontinuity
when compared to LTE models, and the He II discontinuity appears strongly in
emission for NLTE models. Consequently, the number of ionizing photons in the
He II Lyman continuum predicted by NLTE disk models is by 1 - 2 orders of
magnitude higher than that following from the black-body approximation. This
prediction has important implications for ionization models of AGN broad line
regions, and for models of the intergalactic radiation field and the ionization
of helium in the intergalactic medium.Comment: 11 pages; 2 postscript figures; LaTeX, AASPP4 macro; to appear in the
Astrophysical Journal (Letters
The Vertical Structure and Ultraviolet Spectrum of Accretion Disks Heated by Internal Dissipation in Active Galactic Nuclei
We present an improved calculation of the vertical structure and ultraviolet
spectrum of a dissipative accretion disk in an AGN. We calculate model spectra
in which the viscous stress is proportional to the total pressure, the gas
pressure only and the geometric mean of the radiation and gas pressures (cf.
Laor & Netzer 1989: LN89). As a result of a more complete treatment of
absorptive opacity, we find greater overall spectral curvature than did LN89,
as well as larger amplitudes in both the Lyman and HeII photoionization edges.
The local black body approximation is not a good description of the near UV
spectrum. With relativistic corrections (appropriate to non-rotating black
holes) included, we find that the near UV spectrum hardens with increasing
m-dot / m_8 (m-dot is the accretion rate in Eddington units, m_8 the black hole
mass in units of 10^8 M_Sun). The near UV spectrum is consistent with
observations if m-dot/ m_8 \sim 10^{-3}, but disks this cold would have large,
and unobserved, absorption features at the Lyman edge. The edge amplitude is
reduced when m-dot/m_8 is larger, but then the near-UV slope is too hard to
match observations. We conclude that models in which conventional disks orbit
non-rotating black holes do not adequately explain UV continuum production in
AGN.Comment: AAS LaTe
The Soft X-Ray Properties of a Complete Sample of Optically Selected Quasars II. Final Results
We present the final results of a ROSAT PSPC program to study the soft X-ray
emission properties of a complete sample of low quasars. The main results
are: 1. There is no evidence for significant soft excess emission or excess
foreground absorption by cold gas in 22 of the 23 quasars. 2. The mean 0.2-2
keV continuum of quasars agrees remarkably well with an extrapolation of the
mean 1050-350A continuum recently determined by Zheng et al. (1996), indicating
that there is no steep soft component below 0.2 keV. 3. The occurrence of warm
absorbers in quasars is rather rare, in sharp contrast to lower luminosity AGN.
4. The strongest correlation found is between the spectral slope, alpha_x, and
the Hb FWHM. This remarkably strong correlation may result from a dependence of
alpha_x on L/L_Edd, as seen in Galactic black hole candidates. 5. There appears
to exist a distinct class of ``X-ray weak'' quasars. These may be quasars where
the direct X-ray source is obscured, and only scattered X-rays are observed. 6.
Thin accretion disk models cannot reproduce the observed optical to soft X-ray
spectral shape. An as yet unknown physical mechanism maintains a strong
correlation between the optical and soft X-ray emission. 7. The well known
difference in alpha_x between radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars may be due
only to their different Hb FWHM. 8. The agreement of the 21 cm and X-ray
columns implies that He in the diffuse H II component of the Galactic ISM is
ionized to He II or He III (shortened abstract).Comment: 19 pages of text only, uses aas2pp4.sty file, to appear in ApJ vol.
447, 3/1/97, complete postscript version of 34 pages including 5 tables and 8
figures available at http://physics.technion.ac.il/~laor/rosat/paper.p
Characteristic QSO Accretion Disk Temperatures from Spectroscopic Continuum Variability
Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar spectra taken at multiple
epochs, we find that the composite flux density differences in the rest frame
wavelength range 1300-6000 AA can be fit by a standard thermal accretion disk
model where the accretion rate has changed from one epoch to the next (without
considering additional continuum emission components). The fit to the composite
residual has two free parameters: a normalizing constant and the average
characteristic temperature . In turn the characteristic temperature
is dependent on the ratio of the mass accretion rate to the square of the black
hole mass. We therefore conclude that most of the UV/optical variability may be
due to processes involving the disk, and thus that a significant fraction of
the UV/optical spectrum may come directly from the disk.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figure
Magnetic Stress at the Marginally Stable Orbit: Altered Disk Structure, Radiation, and Black Hole Spin Evolution
Magnetic connections to the plunging region can exert stresses on the inner
edge of an accretion disk around a black hole. We recompute the relativistic
corrections to the thin-disk dynamics equations when these stresses take the
form of a time-steady torque on the inner edge of the disk. The additional
dissipation associated with these stresses is concentrated relatively close
outside the marginally stable orbit, scaling as r to the -7/2 at large radius.
As a result of these additional stresses: spin-up of the central black hole is
retarded; the maximum spin-equilibrium accretion efficiency is 36%, and occurs
at a/M=0.94; the disk spectrum is extended toward higher frequencies; line
profiles (such as Fe K-alpha) are broadened if the line emissivity scales with
local flux; limb-brightening, especially at the higher frequencies, is
enhanced; and the returning radiation fraction is substantially increased, up
to 58%. This last effect creates possible explanations for both synchronized
continuum fluctuations in AGN, and polarization rises shortward of the Lyman
edge in quasars. We show that no matter what additional stresses occur, when
a/M < 0.36, the second law of black hole dynamics sets an absolute upper bound
on the accretion efficiency.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journa
Broad-band X-ray measurements of the black hole candidate XTE J1908+094
XTE J1908+094 is an X-ray transient that went into outburst in February 2002.
After two months it reached a 2-250 keV peak flux of 1 to 2 X 10-8 erg/s/cm2.
Circumstantial evidence points to an accreting galactic black hole as the
origin of the the X-radiation: pulsations nor thermonuclear flashes were
detected that would identify a neutron star and the spectrum was unusually hard
for a neutron star at the outburst onset. We report on BeppoSAX and RXTE All
Sky Monitor observations of the broad-band spectrum of XTE J1908+094. The
spectrum is consistent with a model consisting of a Comptonization component by
a ~40 keV plasma (between 2 and 60 keV this component can be approximated by a
power law with a photon index of 1.9 to 2.1), a multicolor accretion disk
blackbody component with a temperature just below 1 keV and a broad emission
line at about 6 keV. The spectrum is heavily absorbed by cold interstellar
matter with an equivalent hydrogen column density of 2.5 X 10+22 cm-2, which
makes it difficult to study the black body component in detail. The black body
component exhibits strong evolution about 6 weeks into the outburst. Two weeks
later this is followed by a swift decay of the power law component. The
broadness of the 6 keV feature may be due to relativistic broadening or Compton
scattering of a narrow Fe-K line.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. VIII. An intensive HST, IUE, and ground-based study of NGC 5548
We present the data and initial results from a combined Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/IUE/ground-based spectroscopic monitoring campaign on the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 that was undertaken in order to address questions that require both higher temporal resolution and higher signal-to-noise ratios than were obtained in our previous multiwavelength monitoring of this galaxy in 1988-1989. IUE spectra were obtained once every 2 days for a period of 74 days beginning on 1993 March 14. During the last 39 days of this campaign, spectroscopic observations were also made with the HST Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on a daily basis. Ground-based observations, consisting of 165 optical spectra and 77 photometric observations (both CCD imaging and aperture photometry), are reported for the period 1992 October-1993 September, although many of the data are concentrated around the time of the satellite-based program. These data constitute a fifth year of intensive optical monitoring of this galaxy. In this contribution we describe the acquisition and reduction of all of the satellite and ground-based data obtained in this program. We describe in detail various photometric problems with the FOS and explain how we identified and corrected for various anomalies
Where have all the black holes gone?
We have calculated stationary models for accretion disks around super-massive
black holes in galactic nuclei. Our models show that below a critical mass flow
rate of ~3 10**-3 M_Edd advection will dominate the energy budget while above
that rate all the viscously liberated energy is radiated. The radiation
efficiency declines steeply below that critical rate. This leads to a clear
dichotomy between AGN and normal galaxies which is not so much given by
differences in the mass flow rate but by the radiation efficiency. At very low
mass accretion rates below 5 10**-5 M_Edd synchrotron emission and
Bremsstrahlung dominate the SED, while above 2 10**-4 M Edd the inverse Compton
radiation from synchrotron seed photons produce flat to inverted SEDs from the
radio to X-rays. Finally we discuss the implications of these findings for AGN
duty cycles and the long-term AGN evolution.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&
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