A Software Development Process for COTS-based Information System Infrastructure

The Infrastructure Incremental Development Process fills two gaps within the realm of software development processes: It provides a programmatic, prototype-driven, but carefully controlled approach to commercial-off-the-shelf selection and integration, and it provides a process that specifically addresses development not of applications but of the infrastructure of a large distributed information system. The level of abstraction at which the software developer works has changed markedly throughout the last 40 years. Early programmers used ones and zeros to control the electronic switches within computers. That technology was followed by procedural languages that, from the programmer’s view, removed much of the physical housekeeping associated with the specific design of the computer. In recent years, an even higher level of abstraction has appeared: the integration of prepackaged commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software into system designs. In addition, the domain of software development has become segmented into different layers. For example, application-level software development can be distinguished from infrastructure-level software development

Dominance, dependence and interdependence in linear structures. A theoretical model and an application to the international trade flows

Classification AMS : 05 - Combinatorics for finite fields/05C - Graphs theory for applications of graphs/05C25 - Graphs and groups 05 - Combinatorics for finite fields/05C - Graphs theory for applications of graphs/05C69 - Dominating sets, independent sets, cliques 94 - Information and communication, circuits/94C - Circuits, networks/94C15 - Applications of graph theory URL des Documents de travail : http://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr/bandeau-haut/documents-de-travail/Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2013.43 - ISSN : 1955-611XThis paper aims to study the structure of international trade. It establishes, through a simple formalization of exchange coefficients, that many theorems can be proved on a function of the macroscopic structure (the determinant of the matrix). This determinant is the cornerstone of indicators to analyze the evolution of trade between countries and regions. The objective is to introduce new tools to rigorously measure the characteristics and effects of globalization. The structural analysis proposed in this way can be applied to many other areas.L'objet de cet article est d'étudier la structure du commerce international. A partir d'une formalisation simple des coefficients d'échange, il propose une série de théorèmes fondés sur les propriétés du déterminant matriciel. Ce déterminant est la pierre angulaire d'une série d'indicateurs permettant l'analyse du commerce entre les pays et les régions. Ces indicateurs nous conduisent à identifier les caractéristiques et les effets de la globalisation des échanges. Cette analyse structurale peut être appliquée à de nombreux autres domaines

Clinical practice: Drug desensitization in children

Immediate type allergic reactions to medication are potentially life threatening and can hamper drug therapy of several medical conditions. Exact incidence and prevalence data for these reactions in children are lacking. If no alternative drug treatment is available, a desensitization procedure may secure the continuation of necessary therapy. Desensitization is only appropriate in case of a strong suspicion of an IgE-mediated allergic reaction. It should be performed by trained clinicians (allergy specialists) in a hospital setting where treatment of a potential anaphylactic reaction can be done without any delay. In this article, literature describing desensitization procedures for several antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and vaccines in children is reviewed. In general, desensitization schemes for children differ only in final dose from schemes for adults. Contradictory data were found regarding the protective effects of premedication with antihistamines and glucocorticoids

The intramembrane protease SPPL2a promotes B cell development and controls endosomal traffic by cleavage of the invariant chain

Peer reviewe

Identification of germline susceptibility loci in ETV6-RUNX1-rearranged childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease of the white blood cells. The etiology of ALL is believed to be multifactorial and likely to involve an interplay of environmental and genetic variables. We performed a genome-wide association study of 355 750 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 474 controls and 419 childhood ALL cases characterized by a t(12;21)(p13;q22) — the most common chromosomal translocation observed in childhood ALL — which leads to an ETV6–RUNX1 gene fusion. The eight most strongly associated SNPs were followed-up in 951 ETV6-RUNX1-positive cases and 3061 controls from Germany/Austria and Italy, respectively. We identified a novel, genome-wide significant risk locus at 3q28 (TP63, rs17505102, PCMH=8.94 × 10−9, OR=0.65). The separate analysis of the combined German/Austrian sample only, revealed additional genome-wide significant associations at 11q11 (OR8U8, rs1945213, P=9.14 × 10−11, OR=0.69) and 8p21.3 (near INTS10, rs920590, P=6.12 × 10−9, OR=1.36). These associations and another association at 11p11.2 (PTPRJ, rs3942852, P=4.95 × 10−7, OR=0.72) remained significant in the German/Austrian replication panel after correction for multiple testing. Our findings demonstrate that germline genetic variation can specifically contribute to the risk of ETV6–RUNX1-positive childhood ALL. The identification of TP63 and PTPRJ as susceptibility genes emphasize the role of the TP53 gene family and the importance of proteins regulating cellular processes in connection with tumorigenesis

Epstein-Barr Virus Evades CD4+ T Cell Responses in Lytic Cycle through BZLF1-mediated Downregulation of CD74 and the Cooperation of vBcl-2

Evasion of immune T cell responses is crucial for viruses to establish persistence in the infected host. Immune evasion mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the context of MHC-I antigen presentation have been well studied. In contrast, viral interference with MHC-II antigen presentation is less well understood, not only for EBV but also for other persistent viruses. Here we show that the EBV encoded BZLF1 can interfere with recognition by immune CD4+ effector T cells. This impaired T cell recognition occurred in the absence of a reduction in the expression of surface MHC-II, but correlated with a marked downregulation of surface CD74 on the target cells. Furthermore, impaired CD4+ T cell recognition was also observed with target cells where CD74 expression was downregulated by shRNA-mediated inhibition. BZLF1 downregulated surface CD74 via a post-transcriptional mechanism distinct from its previously reported effect on the CIITA promoter. In addition to being a chaperone for MHC-II αβ dimers, CD74 also functions as a surface receptor for macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and enhances cell survival through transcriptional upregulation of Bcl-2 family members. The immune-evasion function of BZLF1 therefore comes at a cost of induced toxicity. However, during EBV lytic cycle induced by BZLF1 expression, this toxicity can be overcome by expression of the vBcl-2, BHRF1, at an early stage of lytic infection. We conclude that by inhibiting apoptosis, the vBcl-2 not only maintains cell viability to allow sufficient time for synthesis and accumulation of infectious virus progeny, but also enables BZLF1 to effect its immune evasion function

Grönytor på torg och gator : - ett gestaltande arbete om ekologisk hållbarhet

Detta examensarbete undersöker hur grönytor kan integreras på torg och gator inom den bebyggda miljön för att effektivt hantera dagvatten på ett ekologiskt hållbart sätt samtidigt som de bidrar till en grönare stad. Syftet är att besvara frågeställningarna kring hur grönytor kan placeras på torg och gator för att främja en plats där människor ständigt befinner sig samt öka trivseln, samt hur befintlig bebyggelse, stadsrum och rörelse kan samverka för att skapa grönområden som effektivt hanterar samhällsutmaningar som dagvattenhantering. För att uppfylla syftet och besvara frågeställningarna har olika källor som studier, rapporter, böcker och kommunala dokument analyserats, detta skapar kunskapsöversikten. Dessutom har en platsanalys utförts i projektområdet som är beläget i centrala Malmö, Stortorget och Södergatan, för att undersöka förutsättningarna och användningen av platsen. Resultatet av kunskapsöversikten och platsanalysen leder fram till en sammanställning av bakgrund samt flera strategier. Dessa strategier har applicerats på ett gestaltningsförslag som syftar till att svara på forskningsfrågorna. Slutsatsen av arbetet visar på en brist på grönytor för dagvattenhantering som med hjälp av små åtgärder kan förbättras betydligt