Kama Corah

Kama adalah keinginan, bila keinginan itu disalurkan dengan sifat buruk maka akan menimbulkan sesuatu yang buruk, begitu juga sebaliknya. Siapa ta kari matemu ayu masedana sarwa ayu, katemuning ala masedana sarwa ala. Akibatnya akan menimbulkan sesuai dengan perilaku sifatnya

Health monitoring of trees and investigation of tree root systems using ground penetrating radar (GPR)

Evidence suggests that trees and forests around the world are constantly being threatened by disease and environmental pressures. Over the last decade, new pathogens spread rapidly in European forests, and quarantine measures have mostly been unable to contain outbreaks. As a result, millions of trees were infected, and many of these have already died. It is therefore vital to identify infected trees in order to track, control and prevent disease spread. In addressing these challenges, the available methods often include cutting of branches and trees or incremental coring of trees. However, not only do the tree itself and its surrounding environment suffer from these methods, but they also are costly, laborious and time-consuming. In recent years the application of non-invasive testing techniques has been accepted and valued in this particular area. Given its flexibility, rapidity of data collection and cost-efficiency, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been increasingly used in this specific area of research. Consequently, this PhD Thesis aims at addressing a major challenge within the context of early identification of tree decay and tree disease control using GPR. In more detail, two main topics are addressed, namely the characterisation of the internal structure of tree trunks, and the assessment of tree root systems’ architecture. As a result, a comprehensive methodology for the assessment of both tree trunks and roots using GPR is presented, which includes the implementation of novel algorithms and GPR signal processing approaches for the characterisation of tree trunks’ internal structure and the three-dimensional mapping of tree root systems. Results of this research project were promising and will contribute towards the establishment of novel tree evaluation approaches

Tree monitoring using ground penetrating radar: two case studies using reverse-time migration

Non-destructive testing (NDT) for health monitoring of trees is a suitable candidate for detecting signs of early decay [1]. Recent developments [2,3,4] have highlighted that ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has the potential to provide with a robust and accurate detection tool with minimum computational and operational requirements in the field. In particular, a processing framework is suggested in [2] that can effectively remove ringing noise and unwanted clutter. Subsequently, an arc length parameterisation is employed in order to utilise a wheel-measurement device to accurately position the measured traces. Lastly, two migration schemes; Kirchhoff and reversetime migration, are successfully applied on numerical and laboratory data in [3]. In the current paper, the detection scheme described in [2,3] using reverse-time migration is tested in two case studies that involve diseased urban trees within the greater London area, UK (Kensington and Gunnersbury park). Both of the trees were cut down after the completion of the measurements and furthermore cut into several slices to get direct information with regards to their internal structure. The processing scheme described in [3,4] managed to adequately detect the internal decay present in both trees. The aforementioned case studies provide coherent evidences to support the premise that GPR is capable of detecting decay in diseased trunks and therefore has the potential to become an accurate and efficient diagnostic tool against emerging infectious diseases of trees

Signal Processing for Tree-Trunk Investigation Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Peer reviewedPostprin

APLIKASI BERBASIS WEB UNTUK PENDAFTARAN DAN PENGELOLAAN NILAI EKSTRAKURIKULER DI SMAN 2 CIMAHI

Ekstrakurikuler merupakan kegiatan n on-pelajaran formal yang dilakukan peserta didik sekolah. Kegiatan ekstrakurikuler ditujukan agar siswa dapat mengembangkan kepribadian dan bakat di berbagai bidang di luar akademik. Di SMAN 2 Cimahi ini ada 12 macam ekstrakurikuler yang disediakan dan proses pengelolaan ekstrakurikuler ini sudah berjalan baik, namun dalam hal pendaftaran, pengelolaan nilai dan penyampaian informasi kepada orang tua siswa di SMAN 2 Cimahi ini masih kurang optimal mengingat proses pendaftaran masih harus mengantri, pengelolaan nilai ekstrakurikuler masih menggunakan media fisik, dan penyampaian informasi kepada orang tua masih kurang pemberitahuan yang cepat. Melihat permasalahan tersebut maka muncul gagasan untuk membangun “Aplikasi Berbasis Pendaftaran dan Web Pengelolaan Nilai di SMAN 2 Cimahi”. Metode yang digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi ini adalah metode waterfall. Bahasa yang digunakan adalah PHP. Database yang digunakan adalah MySQL. Pengguna aplikasi adalah pembimbing ekstrakurikuler dan siswa, sedangkan yang menjadi admin adalah bagian kesiswaan. Fungsionalitas pada aplikasi ini adalah pengguna admin dapat mengelola data siswa, mengelola data nilai, mengirimkan pesan informasi kepada orang tua siswa. Pengguna pembimbing ekstrakurikuler dapat memasukkan data nilai, data absensi siswa dan mengirim laporan penilaian kepada bagian kesiswaan. Pengguna siswa dapat menginputkan data diri. Dengan adanya aplikasi ini dapat menangani permasalahan dalam melakukan proses pendaftaran, penilaian dan penyampaian informasi kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung kepada orang tua. Kata Kunci: Pendaftaran, Penilaian, Pemberitahuan Informasi Kepada Orang Tu

Recent advances in tree root mapping and assessment using non-destructive testing methods: a focus on ground penetrating radar

This paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the subject of assessment and monitoring of tree roots and their interaction with the soil. An overview of tree root systems architecture is given, and the main issues in terms of health and stability of trees, as well as the impact of trees on the built environment, are discussed. An overview of the main destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods is therefore given. The paper also highlights the lack of available research based outputs in the field of tree roots and soil interaction, as well as of the interconnectivity of tree roots with one another. Additionally, the effectiveness of non-destructive methods is demonstrated, in particular ground penetrating radar, in mapping tree root configurations and their interconnectivity. Furthermore, the paper references recent developments in estimating tree root mass density and health

Reverse-Time Migration for Evaluating the Internal Structure of Tree-Trunks Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

The authors would like to express their sincere thanks and gratitude to the following trusts, charities, organizations and individuals for their generosity in supporting this project: Lord Faringdon Charitable Trust, The Schroder Foundation, Cazenove Charitable Trust, Ernest Cook, Sir Henry Keswick, Ian Bond, P. F. Charitable Trust, Prospect Investment Management Limited, The Adrian Swire Charitable Trust, The John Swire 1989 Charitable Trust, The Sackler Trust, The Tanlaw Foundation and The Wyfold Charitable Trust. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Jonathon West, a friend, a colleague, a forester, a conservationist and an environmentalist who died following an accident in the woodland that he loved.Peer reviewedPostprin

Use of ground penetrating radar for assessing interconnections between root systems of different matured tree species

This study presents recent advances achieved in the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for the health monitoring of tree root systems. The main objectives of the research were to provide an effective and high-resolution mapping of the root systems belonging to different species of matured trees, as well as to investigate areas of roots interconnection. To this purpose, a data processing methodology based on three main stages was developed. A pre-processing algorithm was first proposed to remove noise-related information from the raw data and to enhance deep reflections from attenuated targets. Afterwards, an algorithm for identification of targets (i.e. the vertices of the reflection hyperbolas) and their automated tracking in a three-dimensional environment was developed. A third stage was focused on estimating tree root density with emphasis on the interconnection area. To test the feasibility of the proposed methodology, the soil around two different tree species (i.e. maple and ash trees) was investigated using a ground-coupled GPR system equipped with a 700 MHz central frequency antenna. The method has proven to identify distinctive features of both trees, in terms of shallow (i.e. within the first 25 cm from the soil surface) and deep (i.e. deeper than 25 cm from the soil surface) root systems. In addition, results have allowed to assess how different root systems interact with each other

Mapping the root system of matured trees using ground penetrating radar

This study reports a demonstration of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) potential in health monitoring of tree roots. The main aim of the research was to provide effective and high-resolution mapping of tree root systems. To this purpose, a dedicated data processing methodology, based on two main chronological stages, was developed. First, an algorithm was proposed to filter out the data from noise-related information and to enhance deep reflections from attenuated targets. At a later stage, a multi-step algorithm connecting the identified targets (i.e. the vertices of the reflection hyperbolas) in a three-dimensional environment was created. To demonstrate the viability of the proposed methodology, the soils around two different tree species (i.e. fir and oak trees) were investigated using a ground-coupled multi-frequency GPR system equipped with 600 MHz and 1600 MHz central frequency antennas. The method has allowed to identify distinctive features in terms of shallow (i.e. within the first 25 cm from the soil surface) and deep (i.e. lower than 25 cm from the soil surface) tree root systems for different species of trees

An enhanced data processing framework for mapping tree root systems using ground penetrating radar

The preservation of natural assets is nowadays an essential commitment. In this regard, root systems are endangered by fungal diseases which can undermine the health and stability of trees. Within this framework, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is emerging as a reliable non-destructive method for root investigation. A coherent GPR-based root-detection framework is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology is a multi-stage data analysis system that is applied to semi-circular measurements collected around the investigated tree. In the first step, the raw data are processed by applying several standard and advanced signal processing techniques, to reduce noise-related information. In the second stage, the presence of any discontinuity element within the survey area is investigated by analysing the signal reflectivity. Then, a tracking algorithm aimed at identifying patterns compatible with tree roots is implemented. Finally, the mass density of roots is estimated by means of continuous functions, to achieve a more realistic representation of the root paths and to identify their length in a continuous and more realistic domain. The method was validated in a case study in London (UK), where the root system of a real tree was surveyed using GPR and a soil test pit was excavated for validation purposes. Results support the feasibility of the data processing framework implemented in this study