Drying research From physical and biological mechanisms to breakthrough innovation

Drying research From physical and biological mechanisms to breakthrough innovation. STLOpenday

Solute mechanical properties impact on the drying of dairy and model colloidal systems

The evaporation of colloidal solutions is frequently observed in nature and in everyday life. The investigation of the mechanisms taking place during the desiccation of biological fluids is currently a scientific challenge with potential biomedical and industrial applications. In last decades, seminal works have been performed mostly on dried droplets of saliva, urine and plasma. However, the full understanding of the drying process in biocolloids is far to be achieved and, notably, the impact of solute properties on the morphological characteristics of the evaporating droplets, such as colloid segregation, skin formation and crack pattern development, is still to be elucidated. To this purpose, the use of model colloidal solutions, whose rheological behavior is more easily deducible, could represent a significant boost. In this work, we compare the drying of droplets of whey proteins and casein micelles, the two main milk protein classes, to that of dispersionsof silica particles and polymer-coated silica particles, respectively. The mechanical behavior of such biological colloids and model silica dispersions was investigated through the analysis of crack formation, and the measurements of their mechanical properties using indentation testing. The study reveals numerous analogies between dairy and corresponding model systems, thus confirming the latter as plausible powerful tool to highlight the signature of the matter at the molecular scale on the drying process

In Vitro Red Blood Cell Segregation in Sickle Cell Anemia

Red blood cells in sickle cell anemia (sRBC) are more heterogeneous in their physical properties than healthy red blood cells, spanning adhesiveness, rigidity, density, size, and shape. sRBC with increased adhesiveness to the vascular wall would trigger vaso-occlusive like complications, a hallmark of sickle cell anemia. We investigated whether segregation occurs among sRBC flowing in micron-sized channels and tested the impact of aggregation on segregation. Two populations of sRBC of different densities were separated, labeled, and mixed again. The mixed suspension was flowed within glass capillary tubes at different pressure-drops, hematocrit, and suspending media that promoted or not cell aggregation. Observations were made at a fixed channel position. The mean flow velocity was obtained by using the cells as tracking particles, and the cell depleted layer (CDL) by measuring the distance from the cell core border to the channel wall. The labeled sRBC were identified by stopping the flow and scanning the cells within the channel section. The tube hematocrit was estimated from the number of fluorescence cells identified in the field of view. In non-aggregating media, our results showed a heterogeneous distribution of sRBC according to their density: low-density sRBC population remained closer to the center of the channel, while the densest cells segregated towards the walls. There was no impact of the mean flow velocity and little impact of hematocrit. This segregation heterogeneity could influence the ability of sRBC to adhere to the vascular wall and slow down blood flow. However, promoting aggregation inhibited segregation while CDL thickness was enhanced by aggregation, highlighting a potential protective role against vaso-occlusion in patients with sickle cell anemia

Analyse des isoformes du récepteur tyrosine kinase HER4 : vers un ciblage thérapeutique à l’aide d’anticorps en cancérologie

HER family is composed by four members which play a major role in cancer development. EGFR, HER2 and HER3 are well described and targeted with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. HER4, the last one, is poorly described with a contentious role in cancerogenesis. Nowadays, there is no therapeutic antibody targeting HER4 in clinic. Four isoforms of the receptor are addressed to the plasma membrane and are called JMa/CYT1; JMa/CYT2; JMb/CYT1 and JMb/CYT2. JMa isoforms are activated by cleavage, but not JMb isoforms. Following their activation, JMa isoform cleavage releases the intracellular part of the receptor called 4ICD. This part can be directed to the nucleus or others subcellular compartments, involving HER4 in oncogenic or tumor suppressor signalling. Because a pro-apoptotic activity of 4ICD and its main ligand NRG1 have been described, we studied JMa isoforms signaling to determine their roles in cancer. We demonstrated that NRG1 induce a tumor suppressor signalling from JMa/CYT1 and an oncogenic signalling from JMa/CYT2. Based on these results, we developed an innovative screening for anti-HER4 antibodies by whole cell panning with phage display. To this end, we used NRG1- stimulated cells expressing JMa/CYT1 isoforms. We characterized four anti-HER4 antibodies and functions of some of them are affected and modulated by NRG1. Two antibodies were characterized as agonistic anti-HER4 antibodies and induce cell death of cancer cells by different mechanisms. Like NRG1, one of them induce mitochondrial localization of 4ICD-CYT1 to induce cell death. These promising results pave the way to a therapeutic targeting of HER4 receptor with agonistic antibodies to treat cancerLes récepteurs de la famille HER jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement du cancer. Alors qu’EGFR, HER2 et HER3 sont très bien étudiés et ciblés par des anticorps thérapeutiques, le dernier récepteur de cette famille, HER4, n’est que peu étudié et son implication dans la cancérogénèse est controversée. Il n’existe à ce jour pas d’anticorps thérapeutique anti-HER4 sur le marché ou en phase clinique. Ce récepteur est présent à la surface en quatre isoformes (JMa/CYT1 ; JMa/CYT2 ; JMb/CYT1 ; JMb/CYT2). Les isoformes JMa sont activées par clivage du récepteur, contrairement aux deux isoformes JMb. Le clivage de ces isoformes conduit à la libération de la partie intracellulaire du récepteur, appelée 4ICD. Ce fragment peut être dirigée au noyau ou dans d’autres compartiments cellulaires, impliquant HER4 dans des signalisations oncogéniques ou suppresseurs de tumeur. La littérature décrivant une activité pro-apoptotique de 4ICD et de la NRG1, le principal ligand de HER4, nous avons étudié la signalisation de ces isoformes afin de déterminer leurs rôles au niveau tumoral. Nos résultats indiquent que la NRG1 induit une signalisation suppresseur de tumeur via JMa/CYT1 et une signalisation oncogénique via JMa/CYT2. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous avons développé un criblage original d’anticorps anti-HER4 par phage display, sur des cellules exprimant l’isoforme JMa/CYT1 et stimulées par la NRG1. Nous avons caractérisés quatre anticorps anti-HER4, dont l’activité et les signalisations de certains sont modulées par la NRG1. Deux de ces anticorps, caractérisés comme étant des agonistes du récepteur HER4, induisent la mort des cellules tumorales par des mécanismes que nous sommes en train d’élucider. De manière similaire a la NRG1, un des anticorps induit la relocalisation de 4ICD-CYT1 a la mitochondrie pour induire la mort cellulaire. Ces résultats prometteurs ouvrent la voie à un ciblage thérapeutique du récepteur HER4 a l’aide d’anticorps agonistes pour le traitement des cancer

Analysis of isoforms from the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor HER4 : towards a therapeutic targeting using antibodies in cancerology

Les récepteurs de la famille HER jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement du cancer. Alors qu’EGFR, HER2 et HER3 sont très bien étudiés et ciblés par des anticorps thérapeutiques, le dernier récepteur de cette famille, HER4, n’est que peu étudié et son implication dans la cancérogénèse est controversée. Il n’existe à ce jour pas d’anticorps thérapeutique anti-HER4 sur le marché ou en phase clinique. Ce récepteur est présent à la surface en quatre isoformes (JMa/CYT1 ; JMa/CYT2 ; JMb/CYT1 ; JMb/CYT2). Les isoformes JMa sont activées par clivage du récepteur, contrairement aux deux isoformes JMb. Le clivage de ces isoformes conduit à la libération de la partie intracellulaire du récepteur, appelée 4ICD. Ce fragment peut être dirigée au noyau ou dans d’autres compartiments cellulaires, impliquant HER4 dans des signalisations oncogéniques ou suppresseurs de tumeur. La littérature décrivant une activité pro-apoptotique de 4ICD et de la NRG1, le principal ligand de HER4, nous avons étudié la signalisation de ces isoformes afin de déterminer leurs rôles au niveau tumoral. Nos résultats indiquent que la NRG1 induit une signalisation suppresseur de tumeur via JMa/CYT1 et une signalisation oncogénique via JMa/CYT2. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous avons développé un criblage original d’anticorps anti-HER4 par phage display, sur des cellules exprimant l’isoforme JMa/CYT1 et stimulées par la NRG1. Nous avons caractérisés quatre anticorps anti-HER4, dont l’activité et les signalisations de certains sont modulées par la NRG1. Deux de ces anticorps, caractérisés comme étant des agonistes du récepteur HER4, induisent la mort des cellules tumorales par des mécanismes que nous sommes en train d’élucider. De manière similaire a la NRG1, un des anticorps induit la relocalisation de 4ICD-CYT1 a la mitochondrie pour induire la mort cellulaire. Ces résultats prometteurs ouvrent la voie à un ciblage thérapeutique du récepteur HER4 a l’aide d’anticorps agonistes pour le traitement des cancersHER family is composed by four members which play a major role in cancer development. EGFR, HER2 and HER3 are well described and targeted with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. HER4, the last one, is poorly described with a contentious role in cancerogenesis. Nowadays, there is no therapeutic antibody targeting HER4 in clinic. Four isoforms of the receptor are addressed to the plasma membrane and are called JMa/CYT1; JMa/CYT2; JMb/CYT1 and JMb/CYT2. JMa isoforms are activated by cleavage, but not JMb isoforms. Following their activation, JMa isoform cleavage releases the intracellular part of the receptor called 4ICD. This part can be directed to the nucleus or others subcellular compartments, involving HER4 in oncogenic or tumor suppressor signalling. Because a pro-apoptotic activity of 4ICD and its main ligand NRG1 have been described, we studied JMa isoforms signaling to determine their roles in cancer. We demonstrated that NRG1 induce a tumor suppressor signalling from JMa/CYT1 and an oncogenic signalling from JMa/CYT2. Based on these results, we developed an innovative screening for anti-HER4 antibodies by whole cell panning with phage display. To this end, we used NRG1- stimulated cells expressing JMa/CYT1 isoforms. We characterized four anti-HER4 antibodies and functions of some of them are affected and modulated by NRG1. Two antibodies were characterized as agonistic anti-HER4 antibodies and induce cell death of cancer cells by different mechanisms. Like NRG1, one of them induce mitochondrial localization of 4ICD-CYT1 to induce cell death. These promising results pave the way to a therapeutic targeting of HER4 receptor with agonistic antibodies to treat cance

Structure of biological colloids revealed by drying cracks formation

Drying is ubiquitous in industry and our everyday life. It is a priori a complex process involving coupled vapor diffusion and liquid transport through a complex, multi-scale, soft or solid, porous structure. Despite this complexity, many recent researches now provide insight in, and rationalization of, the physical processes at work in drying of soils, building materials, colloids, gels, model porous systems, etc. The aim of this meeting, within the frame of the Chair Innovating solutions for sustainable housing (Saint-Gobain –Ecole des Ponts ), is to gather experts and review significant improvements in our understanding in this scientific field

The solute mechanical properties impact on the drying of dairy and model colloidal systems

International audienceThe evaporation of colloidal solutions is frequently observed in nature and in everyday life. The investigation of the mechanisms taking place during the desiccation of biological fluids is currently a scientific challenge with potential biomedical and industrial applications. In the last few decades, seminal works have been performed mostly on dried droplets of saliva, urine and plasma. However, the full understanding of the drying process in biocolloids is far from being achieved and, notably, the impact of solute properties on the morphological characteristics of the evaporating droplets, such as colloid segregation, skin formation and crack pattern development, is still to be elucidated. For this purpose, the use of model colloidal solutions, whose rheological behavior is more easily deducible, could represent a significant boost. In this work, we compare the drying of droplets of whey proteins and casein micelles, the two main milk protein classes, to that of dispersions of silica particles and polymer-coated silica particles, respectively. The mechanical behavior of such biological colloids and model silica dispersions was investigated through the analysis of crack formation, and the measurements of their mechanical properties using indentation testing. The study reveals numerous analogies between dairy and the corresponding model systems, thus confirming the latter as a plausible powerful tool to highlight the signature of the matter at the molecular scale during the drying proces