The specifity of serological precipitation

Precipitative mixing experiments have been conducted with the aid of a turbidimeter and a darkfield microscope. The results of these experiments, correlated with observations of macroscopic features, indicate that serological precipitation is largely governed by a highly specific mechanism except in the terminal period, when the operation of non-specific forces becomes apparent. The findings are used as the basis for a new description of precipitation in terms of the formation and aggregation of elementary particles of specific precipitate, called seromicrons

Transitional Justice in Ancient Athens: A Case Study

This article presents our first well-documented example of a self-conscious transitional justice policy - the classical Athenians’ response to atrocities committed during the reign of the Thirty Tyrants - as a case study that can offer insight into the design of modern transitional justice institutions. The Athenians carefully balanced retribution and forgiveness: an amnesty protected collaborators from direct prosecution, but in practice private citizens could indirectly sanction even low-level oligarchic sympathizers by raising their collaboration as character evidence in unrelated lawsuits. They also balanced remembering and forgetting: discussion of the civil war in the courts memorialized the atrocities committed during the tyranny, but also whitewashed the widespread collaboration by ordinary citizens, depicting the majority of the populace as members of the democratic resistance. This case study of Athens’ successful reconciliation offers new insight into contemporary transitional justice debates. The Athenian experience suggests that the current focus on uncovering the truth may be misguided. The Athenian case also counsels that providing an avenue for individual victims to pursue local grievances can help minimize the impunity gap created by the inevitably selective nature of transitional justice

The Future of Community Justice

In recent years, a series of crime control practices known collectively as community justice have reintroduced rehabilitation and discretion to control certain minor crimes. This parallel system for approaching minor crime has flourished, even as the mainstream criminal system faces a crisis of legitimacy. This Article examines whether we can apply aspects of the community justice movement to improve the processing of serious crime in the mainstream criminal system. It assesses current community justice practices—community prosecution, community courts, sentencing circles, and citizen reparative boards—and finds that they have structural and procedural defects that should bar their use for serious crime. However, the chief innovation of the community justice movement—localized, popular decision-making—would alleviate many of the problems facing the criminal justice system. The Article argues that it may be possible to implement the goals of community justice while avoiding the defects of the current reform initiatives by restructuring the grand jury procedure and permitting local communities to sentence offenders

Social Norms in the Ancient Athenian Courts

Ancient Athens was a remarkably peaceful and well-ordered society by both ancient and contemporary standards. Scholars typically attribute Athens’ success to internalized norms and purely informal enforcement mechanisms. This article argues that the formal Athenian court system played a vital role in maintaining order by enforcing informal norms. This peculiar approach to norm enforcement compensated for apparent weaknesses in the state system of coercion. It mitigated the effects of under-enforcement in a private prosecution system by encouraging litigants to uncover and punish their opponents’ past violations. Court enforcement of extra-statutory norms also permitted the Athenians to enforce a variety of social norms while maintaining the fictions of voluntary devotion to military and public service and of limited state interference in private conduct

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT ADETEX FILLAMENT II DI BANJARAN KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah rendahnya kinerja karyawan. Hal tersebut ditandai dengan turunnya hasil penilaian kinerja karyawan, serta meningkatnya angka turnover. Fenomena tersebut harus segera ditangani karena karyawan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menentukan keberhasilan suatu perusahaan. Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepuasan kerja dijadikan suatu cara untuk meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, kepuasan kerja, kinerja karyawan, pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja karyawan, dan pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan PT Adetex Fillament II. Objek yang menjadi unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawan PT Adetex Fillament II. Variabel bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepuasan kerja, serta variabel terikat (Y) yaitu kinerja karyawan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, verifikatif, dan metode yang digunakan yaitu eksplanatori survei dengan teknik stratifield random sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 91 orang. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda dengan alat bantu software komputer SPSS 21.0. Dari hasil penelitian terhadap pengujian hipotesis dapat diketahui bahwa gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepuasan kerja karyawan nonmanajerial memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan tingkat korelasi kuat, sedangkan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepuasan kerja middle manajer memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan tingkat korelasi sangat kuat. Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. kepuasan kerja memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini direkomendasikan sebagai dasar untuk dilakukannya penelitian lain mengenai motivasi dan kompetensi kerja dengan indikator dan objek yang berbeda. The background of this study is the low performance of the employee. It is characterized by decrease in employee performance appraisal, and increased turnover. This phenomenon must be addressed because the employee is one of the factors that can determine the success of a company. Transformational leadership style and job satisfaction used as a way to improve employee performance. This study aims to describe the transformational leadership style, job satisfaction, employee performance, the effect of transformational leadership style and job satisfaction on employee performance, the effect of transformational leadership style on employee performance and job satisfaction influences on employee performance PT Adetex Fillament II. The object that becomes the unit of analysis in this study were employees of PT Adetex Fillament II. The independent variable (X) in this study is a transformational leadership style and job satisfaction, as well as the dependent variable (Y) is the performance of employees. This type of research is descriptive, verification, and the method used is an explanatory survey stratifield random sampling technique, with a total sample of 91 people. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with computer software tool SPSS 21.0. From the research to test the hypothesis can be seen that transformational leadership style and employee job satisfaction nonmanajerial has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees with a strong degree of correlation, whereas transformational leadership style and job satisfaction of middle managers has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees with degree of correlation is very strong. Transformational leadership style has a positive and significant impact on employee performance. job satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on employee performance. Based on the results of this study are recommended as the basis for other studies done on the motivation and competence indicators and work with different object

Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan Menggunakan Radio Frequency Identification Berbasis Client Server Pada SMP Negeri 3 Juwana

SMP Negeri 3 Juwana merupakan salah satu instansi pendidikan milik pemerintah kabupaten Pati yang terletak di kecamatan Juwana pada jalan Hangtuah desa Kudukeras. Sekolahan tersebut masih mengalami kesulitan dalam pengolahan data sekolah, khususnya pengolahan data pada perpustakaan yang masih menggunakan cara manual yaitu dengan cara menuliskan pada buku besar dalam proses peminjaman dan pengembalian buku serta pembuatan laporan – laporan data perpustakaan. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan sistem perpustakaan yang terkomputerisasi dan berbasiskan Client server, untuk proses peminjaman dan pengembalian buku secara otomatis yang menghasilkan informasi yang cepat dan tepat. Dalam pengembangan sistem informasi di SMP Negeri 3 Juwana digunakan adalah menggunakan model pengembangan R & D, aplikasi ini dibuat menggunakan MySQL untuk database, alat reader RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)sebagai alat untuk scan kartu, serta aplikasi Borland Delphi sebagai alat untuk pembuatan sistem informasi perpustakaan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini berupa aplikasi Sstem Informasi Perpustakaan Menggunakan Radio Frequency Identification Berbasis Client Server untuk membantu mempercepat proses pencatatan data perpustakaan, peminjaman dan pengembalian buku, serta pembuatan laporan – laporan data perpustakaan, selain itu aplikasi dibuat untuk mengurangi kesalahan user pada saat melakukan semua proses pendataan dan transaksi di perpustakaan SMP Negeri 3 Juwana

Social Norms in the Courts of Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens was a remarkably peaceful and well-ordered society by both ancient and contemporary standards. Scholars typically attribute Athens’ success to internalized norms and purely informal enforcement mechanisms. This article argues that the formal Athenian court system played a vital role in maintaining order by enforcing informal norms. This peculiar approach to norm enforcement compensated for apparent weaknesses in the state system of coercion. It mitigated the effects of under-enforcement in a private prosecution system by encouraging litigants to uncover and punish their opponents’ past violations. Court enforcement of extra-statutory norms also permitted the Athenians to enforce a variety of social norms while maintaining the fictions of voluntary devotion to military and public service and of limited state interference in private conduct

Modelling shallow landslide susceptibility by means of a subsurface flow path connectivity index and estimates of soil depth spatial distribution

Topographic index-based hydrological models have gained wide use to describe the hydrological control on the triggering of rainfall-induced shallow landslides at the catchment scale. A common assumption in these models is that a spatially continuous water table occurs simultaneously across the catchment. However, during a rainfall event isolated patches of subsurface saturation form above an impeding layer and their hydrological connectivity is a necessary condition for lateral flow initiation at a point on the hillslope. <br><br> Here, a new hydrological model is presented, which allows us to account for the concept of hydrological connectivity while keeping the simplicity of the topographic index approach. A dynamic topographic index is used to describe the transient lateral flow that is established at a hillslope element when the rainfall amount exceeds a threshold value allowing for (a) development of a perched water table above an impeding layer, and (b) hydrological connectivity between the hillslope element and its own upslope contributing area. A spatially variable soil depth is the main control of hydrological connectivity in the model. The hydrological model is coupled with the infinite slope stability model and with a scaling model for the rainfall frequency–duration relationship to determine the return period of the critical rainfall needed to cause instability on three catchments located in the Italian Alps, where a survey of soil depth spatial distribution is available. The model is compared with a quasi-dynamic model in which the dynamic nature of the hydrological connectivity is neglected. The results show a better performance of the new model in predicting observed shallow landslides, implying that soil depth spatial variability and connectivity bear a significant control on shallow landsliding

"Verdict Most Just": The Modes of Classical Athenian Justice

Most comparative lawyers know a great deal about Roman law but almost nothing about the courts of classical Athens. This is no mystery: unlike Roman law, Athenian law produced no jurisprudence and very little legal doctrine, and contributed nothing to the courts of Europe, England, or any other modem legal system. For the most part, Athenians decided legal disputes by empowering juries to apply statutes that were hopelessly broad. Juries could give weight to any sort of fact or plea that a litigant cared to bring before them. To us, this looks like lawlessness. Did the Athenians simply fail to grasp the value of the rule of law as we know it? Were legal disputes fundamentally contests for status decided without any pretence to justice? These are the explanations ancient historians commonly give. In my view, the Athenian legal system was more complex than is generally thought. The Athenians made a conscious decision to reject the rule of law in most cases, and they did so because they thought giving juries unlimited discretion to reach verdicts based on the particular circumstances of each case was the most just way to resolve disputes. But in other cases, such as commercial suits, where the practical importance of more predictable results was high, the Athenians did have rules of admissibility and relevance that limited jury discretion. The Athenian legal system struck a balance between following rules and doing justice that is altogether different from that which may be seen in the pages, for example, of the Federal Reporter. Classical Athens thus provides a valuable case study of a legal system that favored equity and discretion over the strict application of generalized rules. But it managed to do so in a way that did not destroy predictability and legal certainty in the parts of the system where they were necessary