The distributive trade sector and its impact on euro area prices

At a time of a consolidation and an increasing internationalisation of the distributive trade sector, three major phenomena have been simultaneously altering the structure of euro area trade for several years now : the success of hard discounters, the emergence of private-label products, and the growth in online shopping. All three tend to exert downward pressure on price levels. Whereas the first two factors are particularly pronounced in Belgium, online shopping is less of a factor. There have been no significant competition anomalies uncovered in the sector in Belgium. Retailers are not particularly concentrated at either the local or national level. And yet, despite improvements in recent years, Belgian regulation of the sector remains very invasive and could discourage the opening of new points of sale. Given the impact of the distributive trade sector’s structural characteristics on price-setting behaviour, and the differences in price levels within each country and between euro area countries, structural reforms are needed to enhance competition and take better advantage of the common market. However, even though harmonising regulations and eliminating implicit barriers should help lessen differences within the euro area, some differences are unavoidable due to consumer preferences and cultural differences from one country to the next, and even regionally.retail, regulation, competition, market structure, pricing

Finding representative nodes in probabilistic graphs

Peer reviewe

The byre's tale : farming nutrient-poor cover sands at the edge of the Roman Empire

ABSTRACT Prior to the construction of a highABSTRACT-speed railway track (TGV) between Antwerp (Belgium) and the Dutch border, archaeological and geoarchaeological research was conducted at several archaeological sites. All are situated in the northern Campine, a region characterised by quartz-rich, nutrient-poor cover sands. On the site of Brecht-Zoegweg, two well preserved deepened byres (‘potstallen’) were uncovered in Roman stable-houses. Stables with sunken floors are commonly recorded on Roman-period farms in the sandy part of northern Belgium. Following medieval to sub-recent parallels in the area, they are considered to be features serving agricultural fertilising purposes through the intentional accumulation of dung and the creation of manure by mixing with added organic matter (sods or ‘plaggen’). This archaeopedological research investigates several questions concerning the origin and the infill process of these remarkable features. Field observations, analytical and micromorphological data point to a gradual succession of events leading to a byre with a sunken floor, rather than an intentional digging out of the floor concomitant with the house construction and a post-occupational filling or levelling. It is furthermore suggested that plaggen fertilisation could indeed have been applied, at least in some of the phases of the byre use.This article is part of a book edited at the occasion of the Geoarchaeological meeting of Bruges: Soils as records of Past and Present: the geoarchaeological approach. Focus on: is there time for fieldwork today? - Bruges (Belgium), 6 and 7.11.2019. Editors Judit Deák, Carole Ampe and Jari Hinsch Mikkelsen Technical editor Mariebelle Deceuninck English language reviewer Caroline Landsheere Graphic design Frederick Moyaert Printing and binding Die Keure, Bruge

Comprehensive and effective recording of edaphic characteristics of dune ecosystems as applied in the monitoring project of the Flemish coastal dunes

A project was set up in 1996 to monitor management regimes (shrub removal, grazing and mowing) implemented in different nature reserves along the west Belgian coast. The project integrates botanical, zoological, hydrological and pedological research at several levels (Bonte et al., 1997). The soil study aims to produce a comprehensive and effective system of soil description, and in this paper we propose the methodology used for recording soil characteristics at the most detailed research level. The initial period of the monitoring project runs for 3 years

Morphological characterization of humus forms in coastal dune systems: experience from the Flemish coast and northwest France

Humus profiles of dune soils on 46 sites along the Flemish coast and in northwest France were classified according to three classification systems (Delecour, 1980; Green et al., 1993 and Jabiol et al., 1995). These classification systems are not well adapted to young ecosystems on almost pure sand. Problems arose in the keys themselves and in the terminology and criteria which are used to classify the soils

Multiple imputation approach for interval-censored time to HIV RNA viral rebound within a mixed effects Cox model

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: “Alarcón-Soto, Y, Langohr K., Fehér, C., García, F., and Gómez, G. (2018) Multiple imputation approach for interval-censored time to HIV RNA viral rebound within a mixed effects Cox Model.Biometrical journal, December 13th ”which has been published in final form at [doi: 10.1002/bimj.201700291]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.We present a method to fit a mixed effects Cox model with interval-censored data. Our proposal is based on a multiple imputation approach that uses the truncated Weibull distribution to replace the interval-censored data by imputed survival times and then uses established mixed effects Cox methods for right-censored data. Interval-censored data were encountered in a database corresponding to a recompilation of retrospective data from eight analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies in 158 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) suppressed individuals. The main variable of interest is the time to viral rebound, which is defined as the increase of serum viral load (VL) to detectable levels in a patient with previously undetectable VL, as a consequence of the interruption of cART. Another aspect of interest of the analysis is to consider the fact that the data come from different studies based on different grounds and that we have several assessments on the same patient. In order to handle this extra variability, we frame the problem into a mixed effects Cox model that considers a random intercept per subject as well as correlated random intercept and slope for pre-cART VL per study. Our procedure has been implemented in R using two packages: truncdist and coxme, and can be applied to any data set that presents both interval-censored survival times and a grouped data structure that could be treated as a random effect in a regression model. The properties of the parameter estimators obtained with our proposed method are addressed through a simulation study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Estimation of the Incidence of Disease with the Use of Prevalence Data

The incidence of a disease can be easily estimated from serial prevalence data. However, difficulties usually arise in the case of prevalence data measured only once. This paper presents and assesses various methods for estimating the incidence of a disease in the latter case. The focus is on how applicable the methods are to the estimation of the incidence of the HIV-epidemic in some parts of Africa where data from serial cross-sectional surveys are hard available

Ankle sprain versus muscle strain injury in professional men's basketball: a 9-year prospective follow-up study

Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft