4,495 research outputs found
Real-time observation of interfering crystal electrons in high-harmonic generation
Accelerating and colliding particles has been a key strategy to explore the
texture of matter. Strong lightwaves can control and recollide electronic
wavepackets, generating high-harmonic (HH) radiation which encodes the
structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules and lays the foundations of
attosecond science. The recent discovery of HH generation in bulk solids
combines the idea of ultrafast acceleration with complex condensed matter
systems and sparks hope for compact solid-state attosecond sources and
electronics at optical frequencies. Yet the underlying quantum motion has not
been observable in real time. Here, we study HH generation in a bulk solid
directly in the time-domain, revealing a new quality of strong-field
excitations in the crystal. Unlike established atomic sources, our solid emits
HH radiation as a sequence of subcycle bursts which coincide temporally with
the field crests of one polarity of the driving terahertz waveform. We show
that these features hallmark a novel non-perturbative quantum interference
involving electrons from multiple valence bands. The results identify key
mechanisms for future solid-state attosecond sources and next-generation
lightwave electronics. The new quantum interference justifies the hope for
all-optical bandstructure reconstruction and lays the foundation for possible
quantum logic operations at optical clock rates
Dynamics of Large-Scale Plastic Deformation and the Necking Instability in Amorphous Solids
We use the shear transformation zone (STZ) theory of dynamic plasticity to
study the necking instability in a two-dimensional strip of amorphous solid.
Our Eulerian description of large-scale deformation allows us to follow the
instability far into the nonlinear regime. We find a strong rate dependence;
the higher the applied strain rate, the further the strip extends before the
onset of instability. The material hardens outside the necking region, but the
description of plastic flow within the neck is distinctly different from that
of conventional time-independent theories of plasticity.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures (eps), revtex4, added references, changed and
added content, resubmitted to PR
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° [[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΡΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² Π· 1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Ρ 6, 7 ΡΠ° 8 ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ
Fused heterocyclic 1,2,4-triazoles have provided much attention due to variety of their interesting biological properties.Aim. To develop the method for the synthesis of novel 2-[(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides and conduct the biological assessment of the compounds synthesized.Results and discussion. A diverse set of acetamides newly synthesized consists of 32 analogs bearing an 1,2,4-oxadiazole cycle in positions 6, 7 and 8. A convenient scheme of the synthesis starts from commercially available 2-chloropyridine-3-, 2-chloropyridine-4-, 2-chloropyridine-5-carboxylic acids with amidoximes to form the corresponding 2-chloro-[3-R1-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]pyridines, then follows the reaction ofΒ hydrazinolysis with an excess of hydrazine hydrate. The process continues via the ester formation with the pyridine ring closure, then the amide formations of the end products are obtained by hydrolysis into acetic acid.Experimental part. A series of new 2-[6-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides were obtained in good yields, and their structures were proven by the method of 1H NMR spectroscopy. The prognosis and study of their pharmacological activity were also conducted.Conclusions. The synthetic approach of obtaining the representatives of 2-[(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides previously unknown can be used as an applicable method for the synthesis of diverse functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives.ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ 1,2,4-ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ².Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
2-[(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»)- [1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-a]ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· 32 Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Π² 6, 7 ΠΈ 8 ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π£Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3, 2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-4, 2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡ-[3-R1-1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»]ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ².ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
2-[6-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»)-[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°] ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π―ΠΠ 1H-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ 2-[(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΠΈΠ»)-[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ4,3-Π°]ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
.ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ 1,2,4-ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π°Π³Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ. Π ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
2-[(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»)-[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΡΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ², ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· 32 Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ², ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ 1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Ρ 6, 7 ΡΠ° 8 ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡ
2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-, 2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-4-, 2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π· Π°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π· ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
2-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ-[3-R1-1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ², ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ Π· Π½Π°Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π· Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ· Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΌΡΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ².ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°. Π ΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
2-[6-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»)-[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΡΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² Π±ΡΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π―ΠΠ 1H-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² 2-[(1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-5-ΡΠ»)-[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΡΠ»]Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
[1,2,4]ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Electroneutrality and the Friedel sum rule in a Luttinger liquid
Screening in one-dimensional metals is studied for arbitrary
electron-electron interactions. It is shown that for finite-range interactions
(Luttinger liquid) electroneutrality is violated. This apparent inconsistency
can be traced to the presence of external screening gates responsible for the
effectively short-ranged Coulomb interactions. We also draw attention to the
breakdown of linear screening for wavevectors close to 2 K_f.Comment: 4 pages REVTeX, incl one figure, to appear in Phys.Rev.Let
Theory for Dynamical Short Range Order and Fermi Surface Volume in Strongly Correlated Systems
Using the fluctuation exchange approximation of the one band Hubbard model,
we discuss the origin of the changing Fermi surface volume in underdoped
cuprate systems due to the transfer of occupied states from the Fermi surface
to its shadow, resulting from the strong dynamical antiferromagnetic short
range correlations. The momentum and temperature dependence of the quasi
particle scattering rate shows unusual deviations from the conventional Fermi
liquid like behavior. Their consequences for the changing Fermi surface volume
are discussed. Here, we investigate in detail which scattering processes
might be responsible for a violation of the Luttinger theorem. Finally, we
discuss the formation of hole pockets near half filling.Comment: 5 pages, Revtex, 4 postscript figure
Universal Dynamics of Phase-Field Models for Dendritic Growth
We compare time-dependent solutions of different phase-field models for
dendritic solidification in two dimensions, including a thermodynamically
consistent model and several ad hoc models. The results are identical when the
phase-field equations are operating in their appropriate sharp interface limit.
The long time steady state results are all in agreement with solvability
theory. No computational advantage accrues from using a thermodynamically
consistent phase-field model.Comment: 4 pages, 3 postscript figures, in latex, (revtex
Understanding European cross-border cooperation: a framework for analysis
European integration has had a dual impact on border regions. On the one hand, borders were physically dismantled across most of the EUβs internal territory. On the other hand, they have become a fertile ground for territorial co-operation and institutional innovation. The degree of cross-border co-operation and organization achieved varies considerably from one region to another depending on a combination of various facilitating factors for effective cross-border co-operation, more specifically, economic, political leadership, cultural/identity and state formation, and geographical factors. This article offers a conceptual framework to understand the growth and diversity of cross-border regionalism within the EU context by focusing on the levels of and drives for co-operation
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