4,495 research outputs found

    Real-time observation of interfering crystal electrons in high-harmonic generation

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    Accelerating and colliding particles has been a key strategy to explore the texture of matter. Strong lightwaves can control and recollide electronic wavepackets, generating high-harmonic (HH) radiation which encodes the structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules and lays the foundations of attosecond science. The recent discovery of HH generation in bulk solids combines the idea of ultrafast acceleration with complex condensed matter systems and sparks hope for compact solid-state attosecond sources and electronics at optical frequencies. Yet the underlying quantum motion has not been observable in real time. Here, we study HH generation in a bulk solid directly in the time-domain, revealing a new quality of strong-field excitations in the crystal. Unlike established atomic sources, our solid emits HH radiation as a sequence of subcycle bursts which coincide temporally with the field crests of one polarity of the driving terahertz waveform. We show that these features hallmark a novel non-perturbative quantum interference involving electrons from multiple valence bands. The results identify key mechanisms for future solid-state attosecond sources and next-generation lightwave electronics. The new quantum interference justifies the hope for all-optical bandstructure reconstruction and lays the foundation for possible quantum logic operations at optical clock rates

    Dynamics of Large-Scale Plastic Deformation and the Necking Instability in Amorphous Solids

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    We use the shear transformation zone (STZ) theory of dynamic plasticity to study the necking instability in a two-dimensional strip of amorphous solid. Our Eulerian description of large-scale deformation allows us to follow the instability far into the nonlinear regime. We find a strong rate dependence; the higher the applied strain rate, the further the strip extends before the onset of instability. The material hardens outside the necking region, but the description of plastic flow within the neck is distinctly different from that of conventional time-independent theories of plasticity.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures (eps), revtex4, added references, changed and added content, resubmitted to PR

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π· Ρ‚Π° Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½Π° ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠ° [[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-Ρ–Π»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–Π² Π· 1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Ρƒ 6, 7 Ρ‚Π° 8 ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ–

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    Fused heterocyclic 1,2,4-triazoles have provided much attention due to variety of their interesting biological properties.Aim. To develop the method for the synthesis of novel 2-[(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides and conduct the biological assessment of the compounds synthesized.Results and discussion. A diverse set of acetamides newly synthesized consists of 32 analogs bearing an 1,2,4-oxadiazole cycle in positions 6, 7 and 8. A convenient scheme of the synthesis starts from commercially available 2-chloropyridine-3-, 2-chloropyridine-4-, 2-chloropyridine-5-carboxylic acids with amidoximes to form the corresponding 2-chloro-[3-R1-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]pyridines, then follows the reaction ofΒ  hydrazinolysis with an excess of hydrazine hydrate. The process continues via the ester formation with the pyridine ring closure, then the amide formations of the end products are obtained by hydrolysis into acetic acid.Experimental part. A series of new 2-[6-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides were obtained in good yields, and their structures were proven by the method of 1H NMR spectroscopy. The prognosis and study of their pharmacological activity were also conducted.Conclusions. The synthetic approach of obtaining the representatives of 2-[(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine-3-yl]acetamides previously unknown can be used as an applicable method for the synthesis of diverse functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives.ΠšΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ гСтСроцикличСскиС 1,2,4-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ большоС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ интСрСсных биологичСских свойств.ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ синтСза Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… 2-[(1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»)- [1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-a]ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ провСсти Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ синтСзированных соСдинСний.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… обсуТдСниС. Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ряд Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ состоит ΠΈΠ· 32 Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², содСрТащих 1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Π² 6, 7 ΠΈ 8 полоТСниях. Удобная схСма синтСза начинаСтся с коммСрчСски доступных 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3, 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-4, 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… кислот с амидоксимами с ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€-[3-R1-1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»]ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², послС Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ слСдуСт рСакция Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° с ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡ продолТаСтся ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ образования эфира с Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π°, Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊ уксусной кислотС ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ образования ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ².Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Ряд Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… 2-[6-(1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»)-[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°] ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ с Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΡ… структуры ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ЯМР 1H-спСктроскопии. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ… фармакологичСской активности.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. БинтСтичСский ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ получСния Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ нСизвСстных прСдставитСлСй 2-[(1,2,4-оксадиазол-5-ΠΈΠ»)-[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ4,3-Π°]ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΈΠ»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ для синтСза Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… [1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ….ΠšΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ– Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ–Ρ‡Π½Ρ– 1,2,4-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΡƒΠ²Π°Π³Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎ сСбС Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ‚Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŽ Ρ†Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ… Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… властивостСй.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ. Π ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ синтСзу Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… 2-[(1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»)-[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-Ρ–Π»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–Π² Ρ‚Π° провСсти Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½Ρƒ ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΊΡƒ синтСзованих сполук.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° Ρ—Ρ… обговорСння. Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡƒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–Π², яка ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π· 32 Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Π², Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΌΡ–ΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚ΡŒ 1,2,4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Ρƒ 6, 7 Ρ‚Π° 8 полоТСннях. Π—Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡Π½Π° схСма синтСзу ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ†Ρ–ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ доступних 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-, 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-4-, 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… кислот Π· амідоксимами Π· утворСнням Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 2-Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΎ-[3-R1-1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ–Π², після Ρ‡ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ–Π³Π°Ρ” рСакція Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Ρ–Π·Ρƒ Π· надлишком Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡƒΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…ΠΎΠΌ утворСння Π΅Ρ„Ρ–Ρ€Ρƒ Π· закриттям ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡ–Π»ΡŒΡ†Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ–ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Ρ–Π· Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— кислоти ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡ”ΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Π½Ρ– утворСння ΠΊΡ–Π½Ρ†Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ–Π².Π•ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π° частина. Ряд Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… 2-[6-(1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»)-, 2-[7-(1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»)-, 2-[8-(1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»)-[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-Ρ–Π»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–Π² Π±ΡƒΠ² ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° Ρ—Ρ… структури ΠΏΡ–Π΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ– ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ЯМР 1H-спСктроскопії. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π±ΡƒΠ»ΠΎ Π·Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· Ρ‚Π° вивчСння Ρ—Ρ… Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— активності.Висновки. Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ–Π΄Ρ…Ρ–Π΄ Π΄ΠΎ отримання Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ–ΡˆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ… прСдставників 2-[(1,2,4-оксадіазол-5-Ρ–Π»)-[1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-3-Ρ–Π»]Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ застосований для синтСзу Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… [1,2,4]Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[4,3-Π°]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ…

    Electroneutrality and the Friedel sum rule in a Luttinger liquid

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    Screening in one-dimensional metals is studied for arbitrary electron-electron interactions. It is shown that for finite-range interactions (Luttinger liquid) electroneutrality is violated. This apparent inconsistency can be traced to the presence of external screening gates responsible for the effectively short-ranged Coulomb interactions. We also draw attention to the breakdown of linear screening for wavevectors close to 2 K_f.Comment: 4 pages REVTeX, incl one figure, to appear in Phys.Rev.Let

    Theory for Dynamical Short Range Order and Fermi Surface Volume in Strongly Correlated Systems

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    Using the fluctuation exchange approximation of the one band Hubbard model, we discuss the origin of the changing Fermi surface volume in underdoped cuprate systems due to the transfer of occupied states from the Fermi surface to its shadow, resulting from the strong dynamical antiferromagnetic short range correlations. The momentum and temperature dependence of the quasi particle scattering rate shows unusual deviations from the conventional Fermi liquid like behavior. Their consequences for the changing Fermi surface volume are discussed. Here, we investigate in detail which scattering processes might be responsible for a violation of the Luttinger theorem. Finally, we discuss the formation of hole pockets near half filling.Comment: 5 pages, Revtex, 4 postscript figure

    Universal Dynamics of Phase-Field Models for Dendritic Growth

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    We compare time-dependent solutions of different phase-field models for dendritic solidification in two dimensions, including a thermodynamically consistent model and several ad hoc models. The results are identical when the phase-field equations are operating in their appropriate sharp interface limit. The long time steady state results are all in agreement with solvability theory. No computational advantage accrues from using a thermodynamically consistent phase-field model.Comment: 4 pages, 3 postscript figures, in latex, (revtex

    Understanding European cross-border cooperation: a framework for analysis

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    European integration has had a dual impact on border regions. On the one hand, borders were physically dismantled across most of the EU’s internal territory. On the other hand, they have become a fertile ground for territorial co-operation and institutional innovation. The degree of cross-border co-operation and organization achieved varies considerably from one region to another depending on a combination of various facilitating factors for effective cross-border co-operation, more specifically, economic, political leadership, cultural/identity and state formation, and geographical factors. This article offers a conceptual framework to understand the growth and diversity of cross-border regionalism within the EU context by focusing on the levels of and drives for co-operation
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