Die Verwendung von Produktmodellen im Rahmen des Service Engineering

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Verwendung von Produktmodellen im Rahmen des Service Engineering. Zunächst werden Begriffe aus der Welt der Dienstleistungen definiert. Es wird aufgezeigt welche unterschiedlichen Ansätze es zur Dienstleistungsdefinition gibt, unter welchen Gesichtspunkten Dienstleistungen typologisiert werden können und was man unter dem Begriff Service Engineering versteht. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs zu den Produktmodellen in der industriellen Fertigung werden Produktmodelle in der Dienstleistungspraxis untersucht. Banken, Versicherungen und Softwareentwicklung dienen hierbei als Beispiele. Anschließen werden noch zwei wissenschaftliche Ansätze zu Produktmodellen für Dienstleistungen vorgestellt. In Kapitel 5 werden dann Faktoren genannt, nach denen Modellierungswerkzeuge kategorisiert werden können und die Programme ARIS E-Business Suite 5.01 und COI BusinessFlow werden vorgestellt. Den Abschluss bildet eine Typologisierung der aufgezählten Produktmodelle für die Dienstleistungsentwicklung

Quantification of a full year water balance of a thermokarst lake in East Siberia based on field measurements

Thermokarst lakes and basins are major components of the ice-rich permafrost landscapes in East Siberian coastal regions. One of the major control factors of thermokarst lake development is the local water balance. Variations in environmental and climate conditions due to climate change might have severe impacts on the water balance. Higher evapotranspiration and an increased active layer thickness could enhance the water flow and thus favor the thermal degradation of the tundra landscape. In this study we quantified precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and storage of a thermokarst lake on Kurungnakh island. The island is located in the central part of the Lena River delta, northern Siberia and underlain by continuous, ice-rich permafrost to about 400-600m depth. The investigated lake has a surface area of approximately 1.2 km² with a maximum depth of about 8 m and a volume of about 4x106 m3. Field measurements of the water balance components were conducted in the period from August 2014 to end of July 2015. Precipitation was recorded by an automatic rain gauge, at a nearby site on Kurungnakh Island. The outflow of the lake was determined with an automatic sensor on a RBC-flume. The evaporation of the thermokarst lake was calculated by using water temperature of the lake, climate data from weather stations on Kurungnakh Island and the neighboring Samoylov Island. The lake water storage was measured using an automated water level sensor. A previous study (Niemann, 2014) investigated only the summer balance (August 2013) of the lake and showed that evaporation dominated the water balance during this time period. Here we analyzed the seasonal and annual water balance components (precipitation, evaporation, runoff, change in storage) of the lake and the contribution of snow cover to the water storage

Permafrost thaw subsidence of Siberian yedoma: field measurements and TerraSAR-X interferometry

In permafrost active layer cycles of excess ice formation in winter and loss in summer result in seasonal vertical movements of the ground in both directions. Additionally, relatively uniform thawing of the ice-rich layer at the permafrost table, contributing to irreversible lowering of the surface, was reported for a number of Arctic locations. We use a simple method to quantify surface lowering (subsidence) and uplift in the Lena River Delta, Siberian Arctic, using more than 30 reference rods (fiberglass and metal) installed deeply in permafrost. We repeatedly measured the length of a rod part, which is emerged above the ground, in 2013-2017. Measurements show seasonal subsidence in a range from 0 to 4.6 cm (median: 1.6 cm; 8 measurements) in the cold summer of 2013 and from 0.8 to 8.6 cm (median: 4.8 cm; 31 measurements) in the warm summer of 2014. A pronounced multi-year subsidence of 9.3±5.7 cm was measured in the end of summer 2017 relative to the initial measurements in spring 2013. Additionally, we observed high spatial variability of subsidence even at the sub-meter scale. Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR), most often used to measure ground displacement caused by tectonic or volcanic processes, is adapted now for the detection of subsidence in permafrost. Our study tests the viability of repeat pass (11 days) TerraSAR-X (TSX) data for the detection of thaw subsidence over the same study area. Due to TSX short wavelength and, therefore, shallow penetration depth, interferometry is strongly hampered by poor phase coherence. We built a stack of 11-day interferograms for the summer of 2013 where coherence of some single interferograms was on the edge of the acceptable. The stack showed only a minor subsidence with a mean of 0.3±0.3 cm over the studied area. Given the discrepancy between the DInSAR and field data we discuss the limitations of TSX data for an accurate representation of permafrost thaw subsidence

Vergleichen unter den Bedingungen von Konflikt und Konkurrenz

Albert M, Engelschalt J, Epple A, et al. Vergleichen unter den Bedingungen von Konflikt und Konkurrenz. Praktiken des Vergleichens. Working Paper des SFB 1288. Vol 1. Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld, SFB 1288; 2019.Was ist das Spezifische an Vergleichen bzw. Vergleichspraktiken, die unter den Bedingungen von Konflikt und/oder Konkurrenz durchgeführt werden? Im vorliegenden Working Paper wird dieses Spezifische anhand von soziologisch inspirierten Überlegungen zu den Grundbegrifflichkeiten des Konflikts bzw. der Konkurrenz als einer besonderen Art der Formung sozialer Beziehungen herausgearbeitet. Zunächst werden die Begriffe von Konkurrenz und direkten gewalttätigen Konflikten vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher disziplinärer Forschungskontexte bestimmt. Ausgehend von einer Soziologie der Konkurrenz geht es dabei um sozial- und geschichtswissenschaftliche Diskussionen um gewalttätige Konflikte. Zentral sind die begriffliche Schärfung unterschiedlicher kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen und das Gewalthandeln in Konfliktsituationen, die nicht als Krieg bezeichnet werden können. Anschließend werden die vielschichtigen Wechselbeziehungen sowohl zwischen gewalttätigen Konflikten und Konkurrenz als auch zwischen Konflikten, Konkurrenzen und Vergleichspraktiken aus der Sicht der unterschiedlichen Forschungsprojekte des Projektbereichs A des SFB 1288 dargestellt.**Ergänzender Hinweis zu den Creative Commons Lizenzen**"Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material.

Samoylov Island Observatory - possibilities of controlled high precision instrumentation to obtain new insights in environmental conditions of the high arctic lowland tundra

Samoylov Island and its surrounding areas of the Lena River Delta serve as a baseline observatory for the validation and development of remote sensing products and climate models in the Arctic. The observatory is located in a typical high latitude lowland tundra landscape and hence represents one of the dominating and most important landscape types in the Arctic. The observatory is equipped with leading edge environmental monitoring systems which are used to observe changes in permafrost and soils, vegetation, boundary layer meteorology, soil/water biology, energy- and trace gas fluxes, geomorphology, and snow cover. Samoylov Island is located in the Lena River Delta in North Siberia (72°22' N, 126°30 E), and features a surface area off about 5 km². The continuous permafrost in the area reaches depths of 500 to 600 m. The investigation area is mainly located on a Late Holocene river terrace. The landscape is characterized by wet polygonal tundra which is typical for circumpolar lowlands. The climate is characterized by an average temperature of -12.5 °C with mean temperatures of -33.1 °C in February and 10.5 °C in July. The surface temperature is respectively cold with a mean annual value of -10.1 °C and the average temperature of the active layer is -8.4 °C (at 0.03 m depth). In August the mean thaw depth reaches 0.5 m. Within the last 9 years a continuous warming of the permafrost is observed (about 2.3 °C in 10.75 m depth and 1 °C in 20.75 m depth). The average summertime rainfall is about 125 mm with strong interannual differences. Snow water equivalent adds app. 30 % to the total precipitation. The snow free period usually lasts from the beginning of June to the mid of September. The total vegetation is dominated by mosses and lichen covering about 95% of the surface while vascular plants coverer about 30 %. Since 1998, the observatory delivers one of the most valuable databases for the implementation of permafrost processes into land surface schemes of IPCC global climate models. Furthermore, extensive validation studies on thermal remote sensing (MODIS LST), snow products (GlobSnow), land surface classification (Landsat), and SAR satellite products (ASCAT Soil Moisture, TerraSAR-X) were implemented successfully. For the first time, operational satellite-based permafrost monitoring was developed and tested at the Samoylov observatory. The excellent infrastructure of the observatory now will be enhanced by the HGF road map project 'Advanced Remote Sensing – Ground-Truth Demo and Test Facilities' (ACROSS, http://across-project.de) which focuses on the establishment of state of the art monitoring stations for testing new satellite sensors, model schemes, and scaling techniques. With the focus to provide outstanding research possibilities we designed a field laboratory to run high precision scientific instruments in a controlled environment. Away from any influence of the nearby Artic Research station a streamlined igloo-shaped, temperature controlled and power backed up lab container will placed in the middle of the Samoylov Island next to various already installed automated environmental observatories. Already installed is a safeguarded power supply from the Arctic research station and a boardwalk to the undisturbed investigation area. Together with a new 10 meters high research tower with several instrumentation platforms this new field lab will run within an area of still ongoing long time observations of the permafrost environment. While the placement of the tower is scheduled for April 2016, the field laboratory is planned to be installed in July 2016. In the future the notably load-bearing tower will be equipped with high performance devices to measure several meteorological and micrometeorological parameters at different heights while the lab igloo will provide 15 m³ of space to place various instruments in a professional rack-infrastructure. Samoylov Island has great potential to become a leading edge, multi-disciplinary observatory for the validation and development of remote sensing products and earth system models for terrestrial Arctic ecosystems. We will present the development status of the new field lab facilities and will discuss the future possibilities to raise new research projects there. To frame this we will provide an overview of the already achieved longtime measurement results from main meteorological, soil and snow observatories since 1998

»Comparing Militaries in the Long 19th Century«. Internationaler Workshop des Sonderforschungsbereichs »Praktiken des Vergleichens« (SFB 1288) der Universität Bielefeld und der Bielefeld Graduate School of History and Sociology (BGHS), Bielefeld, 29./30.11.2018

Langer K, Nagel J, Rohé N. »Comparing Militaries in the Long 19th Century«. Internationaler Workshop des Sonderforschungsbereichs »Praktiken des Vergleichens« (SFB 1288) der Universität Bielefeld und der Bielefeld Graduate School of History and Sociology (BGHS), Bielefeld, 29./30.11.2018. Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift. 2019;78(2):453-459

Exchange of CO2 and CH4 between a Siberian thaw lake and the atmosphere

Freshwaters are an important component of the continental greenhouse gas (GHG) balance with emissions estimated to correspond to about 80 % of the land GHG sink [Bastviken et al., 2011]. Thaw lakes in permafrost landscapes and especially in Yedoma permafrost are considered to be strong processors of organic carbon and essential emitters of CH4 [Walter et al., 2006]. As the Arctic experiences the recent global warming at a much faster rate than other regions of the world [AMAP, 2015], the importance of thaw lakes in the global GHG budget is expected to rapidly increase due to progressive permafrost degradation. However, especially arctic lakes are highly underrepresented in observational studies on lakeatmosphere GHG exchange. Only a few short-term studies exist, with a majority missing the ice break-up. This event is assumed to result in a spring emission peak that contributes considerably to the annual GHG emissions. In consequence, arctic freshwaters are not adequately represented in modelling approaches and scenarios of climate change. Using a floating eddy covariance (EC) system, we investigate ecosystem CH4 and CO2 flux dynamics between the atmosphere and a Yedoma thaw lake in the Lena River Delta in northern Siberia. The compiled dataset covers the ice break-up and most of the ice-free period 2014. We chose the EC method as it allows direct, automatic and non-intrusive flux measurements in remote areas. The investigated lake is one of > 500 lakes on Kurungnakh Island in the Lena River Delta. The study site lies within the zone of continuous permafrost and belongs to the arctic tundra zone. The lake covers an area of approximately 1.25 km2 with a mean depth of eight meters. We will present first results of this study and discuss the importance of a spring emission peak during ice break-up in the annual GHG budg

Freeze/thaw ground displacement in the Lena River Delta, 2013-2017: TerraSAR-X DInSAR displacement map and in-situ measurements

In permafrost areas, seasonal freeze-thaw cycles result in upward and downward movements of the ground. For some permafrost areas, long-term downward movements were reported during the last decade. We measured seasonal and multi-year ground movements in a yedoma region of the Lena River Delta, Siberia, in 2013–2017, using reference rods installed deep in the permafrost. The seasonal subsidence was 1.7 ± 1.5 cm in the cold summer of 2013 and 4.8 ± 2 cm in the warm summer of 2014. Furthermore, we measured a pronounced multi-year net subsidence of 9.3 ± 5.7 cm from spring 2013 to the end of summer 2017. Importantly, we observed a high spatial variability of subsidence of up to 6 cm across a sub-meter horizontal scale. In summer 2013, we accompanied our field measurements with Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) on repeat-pass TerraSAR-X (TSX) data from the summer of 2013 to detect summer thaw subsidence over the same study area. Interferometry was strongly affected by a fast phase coherence loss, atmospheric artifacts, and possibly the choice of reference point. A cumulative ground movement map, built from a continuous interferogram stack, did not reveal a subsidence on the upland but showed a distinct subsidence of up to 2 cm in most of the thermokarst basins. There, the spatial pattern of DInSAR-measured subsidence corresponded well with relative surface wetness identified with the near infra-red band of a high-resolution optical image. Our study suggests that (i) although X-band SAR has serious limitations for ground movement monitoring in permafrost landscapes, it can provide valuable information for specific environments like thermokarst basins, and (ii) due to the high sub-pixel spatial variability of ground movements, a validation scheme needs to be developed and implemented for future DInSAR studies in permafrost environments

In situ measurements of freeze/thaw ground displacement in the Lena River Delta, 2013-2017, using fiberglass rods

In permafrost areas, seasonal freeze-thaw cycles of active layer result in upward and downward movements of the ground. Additionally, relatively uniform thawing of the ice-rich layer at the permafrost table can contribute to net long-term surface lowering. We use a simple method to quantify surface lowering (subsidence) and uplift in a yedoma area of the Lena River Delta, Siberian Arctic (Kurungnakh Island), using reference rods (metal pipes and fiberglass rods) installed deeply in permafrost. The metal pipes were 2 m long and 3 cm in diameter and were anchored at least 1 m below the typical active layer. The fiberglass rods were 2 m long and 1 cm in diameter and were anchored at least 70 m below the typical active layer. We assume, therefore, that the rods were motionless relative to the permafrost. The plexiglass plate with a size of 10 by 10 cm was fixed in its horizontal position by the rod but could move freely with the surface vertically along the rod. We repeatedly measured distance between the top of a rod and a plexiglass plate resting on the ground surface. Several distance measurements around each rod were taken at each visit and averaged. Altogether 12 metal pipes were installed at the study site in April 2013 and 19 fiberglass rods were installed in April 2014. Measurements were conducted during field campaigns from spring 2013 to summer 2017 with some gaps. We provide here the measured distances between the top of a rod and a plexiglass plate. To obtain the ground displacement, the user have to define the period of interest and calculate the displacement

Thaw subsidence of a yedoma landscape in Northern Siberia, measured in situ and estimated from TerraSAR-X Interferometry

In permafrost areas, seasonal freeze-thaw cycles result in upward and downward movements of the ground. For some permafrost areas, long-term downward movements were reported during the last decade. We measured seasonal and multi-year ground movements in a yedoma region of the Lena River Delta, Siberia, in 2013-2017, using reference rods installed deep in the permafrost. The seasonal subsidence was 1.7 ± 1.5 cm in the cold summer of 2013 and 4.8 ± 2 cm in the warm summer of 2014. Furthermore, we measured a pronounced multi-year net subsidence of 9.3 ± 5.7 cm from spring 2013 to the end of summer 2017. Importantly, we observed a high spatial variability of subsidence of up to 6 cm across a sub-meter horizontal scale. In summer 2013, we accompanied our field measurements with Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) on repeat-pass TerraSAR-X (TSX) data from the summer of 2013 to detect summer thaw subsidence over the same study area. Interferometry was strongly affected by a fast phase coherence loss, atmospheric artifacts, and possibly the choice of reference point. A cumulative ground movement map, built from a continuous interferogram stack, did not reveal a subsidence on the upland but showed a distinct subsidence of up to 2 cm in most of the thermokarst basins. There, the spatial pattern of DInSAR-measured subsidence corresponded well with relative surface wetness identified with the near infra-red band of a high-resolution optical image. Our study suggests that (i) although X-band SAR has serious limitations for ground movement monitoring in permafrost landscapes, it can provide valuable information for specific environments like thermokarst basins, and (ii) due to the high sub-pixel spatial variability of ground movements, a validation scheme needs to be developed and implemented for future DInSAR studies in permafrost environments