Cancellation of Scheduled Exercise and its Influence on Consumption: Exercisers vs. Sedentary Individuals

With the obesity epidemic on the rise an effort must be initiated to discover why dietary choices are made. Exercise cancellation in individuals who frequently exercise may cause a decrease in calories consumed. However, exercise cancellation in sedentary individuals may have opposite effect, increasing calories consumed. PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine whether the cancellation of regularly scheduled exercise affects an individual’s daily food consumption, particularly in individuals who exercise regularly compared to those who are sedentary. METHODS: Female college students (n=10) scheduled two morning exercise sessions of 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise. One session randomly determined by the researcher was canceled. After both days participants recorded their daily food intake. RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease in Perceived Health Competence Scale scores and increase in Perceived Stress Scale scores for sedentary subjects (

“Greening up”: A Multistep Synthetic Transformation

Green Chemistry is an experimental design theory that aims to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances in order to address problems we face in the world today like water contamination, global warming, ozone depletion, and pollution. When hazardous substances are replaced with less hazardous substances, both risk and cost can be reduced. Teaching the importance and relevance of green chemistry is imperative to the future of chemistry and the environment. Since most useful organic chemical targets require more than one synthetic step, it is important that undergraduate organic chemistry students be exposed to labs that require multiple transformations. This will allow students to understand how reactions work after observing them first-hand. Additionally, since the ‘traditional’ synthesis of most chemical substances utilizes solvents, reagents, and conditions that are harmful and hazardous to the environment, students had to propose their own green alternatives by completing a 3-step synthesis and determining a greener route. The products were purified, characterized and then a metric system was used to compare the greenness of the reactions. A reaction was considered more green if there were relative decreases in the combination of factors that include cost, environmental toxicity, and waste produced. In total, 22 different targets were attempted to be synthesized

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Photoluminescent Copper (I) Coordination Complexes

Copper (I) lumiphores can be used as inexpensive and effective solid-state oxygen sensors. The compound [Cu(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether)(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)] (BF4) was successfully synthesized and further characterized by 31P NMR, solid-state photoluminescence, and cyclic voltammetry. In an effort to modify this oxygen sensing system we are examining the introduction of selenium into the bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) ligand and changing the diimine ligand to access dinuclear complexes such as 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp). Our efforts to date will be presented

Ammonium hydrogen bis[4-(2-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate]

The title salt, NH4+·H+·2C14H9N4O2−, is composed of an ammonium cation with a strong intermolecular negatively charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded acid/conjugate base-pair monoanion. The carboxylic acid H atom is located on an inversion center, while the N atom of the ammonium cation is located on a twofold rotation axis. In the crystal, the N—H bonds of each ammonium cation act as donors with carboxylate O-atom acceptors to form chains along the a-axis direction. The chains are linked by offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distances = 3.588 (2) and 3.686 (2) Å], forming layers parallel to the ab plane

Identification and functional analysis of glycemic trait loci in the China Health and Nutrition Survey

<div><p>To identify genetic contributions to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c), we conducted genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) in up to 7,178 Chinese subjects from nine provinces in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). We examined patterns of population structure within CHNS and found that allele frequencies differed across provinces, consistent with genetic drift and population substructure. We further validated 32 previously described T2D- and glycemic trait-loci, including <i>G6PC2</i> and <i>SIX3-SIX2</i> associated with fasting glucose. At <i>G6PC2</i>, we replicated a known fasting glucose-associated variant (rs34177044) and identified a second signal (rs2232326), a low-frequency (4%), probably damaging missense variant (S324P). A variant within the lead fasting glucose-associated signal at <i>SIX3-SIX2</i> co-localized with pancreatic islet expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for <i>SIX3</i>, <i>SIX2</i>, and three noncoding transcripts. To identify variants functionally responsible for the fasting glucose association at <i>SIX3-SIX2</i>, we tested five candidate variants for allelic differences in regulatory function. The rs12712928-C allele, associated with higher fasting glucose and lower transcript expression level, showed lower transcriptional activity in reporter assays and increased binding to GABP compared to the rs12712928-G, suggesting that rs12712928-C contributes to elevated fasting glucose levels by disrupting an islet enhancer, resulting in reduced gene expression. Taken together, these analyses identified multiple loci associated with glycemic traits across China, and suggest a regulatory mechanism at the <i>SIX3-SIX2</i> fasting glucose GWAS locus.</p></div

Signals associated with levels of quantitative glycemic traits among non-diabetic subjects in CHNS.

<p>Signals associated with levels of quantitative glycemic traits among non-diabetic subjects in CHNS.</p

Fasting glucose locus near <i>G6PC2</i> exhibits two association signals in the CHNS.

<p>The first association signal, rs34177044 (red diamond) shows the strongest association in the initial unconditioned analysis of fasting glucose. Coding variant rs2232326 (S324P; blue diamond), remained locus-wide significant after conditioning on rs34177044. The diamonds indicate the lead variants, which exhibited the strongest evidence of association at the locus among 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3-imputed variants. Variants are colored based on LD with the lead variants, rs34177044 (red) and rs2232326 (blue) within 8,403 CHNS subjects.</p