setting policy-specific conditionality and building domestic capacities

1\. Introduction 5 2\. Mapping Divergent Outcomes: Initial Misfit and Policy Change in Ukraine’s Shareholders’ Rights and Technical Standards 7 2.1 Shareholders‘ Rights 8 2.2 Technical Standards 8 3\. Puzzling Policy Change in Ukraine 9 3.1 Misfit and Adaptational Costs 9 3.2 Institutionalization of EU Rules 10 3.3 Policy-Specific Conditionality 11 3.4 Multiplex and Dyadic Capacity-Building 12 4\. Policy Change in Ukraine’s Shareholders’ Rights 13 5\. Policy Change in Ukraine’s Technical Standards 18 6\. Alternative Explanations 21 7\. Conclusion 23 Literature 25Why is regulatory convergence towards EU rules more successful in some policy fields than in others within one EU neighboring country? By comparing Ukraine’s convergence towards EU rules in the field of shareholders’ rights and technical standards, I challenge prominent explanations for policy change outside the EU that emphasize misfit and adaptational costs, the institutionalization of EU rules or policy-specific conditionality. In order to deal with the shortcomings of these explanations, it is necessary to disaggregate incentives and capacities of various domestic actors within the particular policy fields. I argue that regulatory convergence in EU neighboring countries is more likely if external actors combine the application of policy-specific conditionality, such as access to the European market, with multiplex capacity-building measures that diversify demand among domestic state regulators and firms and empower them to make their claims

Development by Stealth: The governance of economic integration in European Union’s Eastern peripheries

Introduction: Economic integration, the removal of tariff and non-tariff restrictions and the unification of economic regulations and policies between different economies is one of the most contested issues among economists, political economists and students of economic development. It is claimed to produce public goods by some (Baldwin, 2004; Balassa, 1965), increase patterns of economic and social exclusion by others (Bieler 2002, 2006; Bohle 2006, 2009). In these debates a special role is played by students of the governance of economic integration who claim that the level of progress in, and the developmental outcomes of market integration are largely shaped by the way integration is governed (Drezner, 2007; Mattli and Woods, 2014; Offe, 2014; Bruszt and McDermott, 2014

Varieties of Social Orders: The political and economic fundamentals of hybrid (in)stability in the post-Soviet space

This paper takes the seminal work of Douglass North, John Wallis and Barry Weingast on varieties of social orders as a starting point to introduce a refined typology of limited access orders (LAOs) that integrates the political and economic fundamentals of hybrid (in)stability. We find that LAOs do not necessarily constrain access in the political and economic sphere to the same extent. Some combine relative economic openness with strictly limited political competition, while others constrain access to economic resources but allow for a considerable degree of political opening. This latter type proves to be the most instable type of LAO. The different strategies used by dominant elites to maintain stability in various types of LAOs provide insights into how open access institutions interact with limited access institutions in hybrid regimes. While we develop our typology for six post-Soviet countries from the third wave of democratization that function as LAOs, our typology may be applied to other hybrid regimes as well

Organizing Regulatory Convergence Outside the EU: Setting Policy-Specific Conditionality and Building Domestic Capacities

Why is regulatory convergence towards EU rules more successful in some policy fields than in others within one EU neighboring country? By comparing Ukraine’s convergence towards EU rules in the field of shareholders’ rights and technical standards, I challenge prominent explanations for policy change outside the EU that emphasize misfit and adaptational costs, the institutionalization of EU rules or policy-specific conditionality. In order to deal with the shortcomings of these explanations, it is necessary to disaggregate incentives and capacities of various domestic actors within the particular policy fields. I argue that regulatory convergence in EU neighboring countries is more likely if external actors combine the application of policy-specific conditionality, such as access to the European market, with multiplex capacity-building measures that diversify demand among domestic state regulators and firms and empower them to make their claims

Attitudes towards democracy and the market in Belarus: what has changed and why it matters

For more than two decades a key pillar of regime stability in Belarus was legitimation through economic stability and security, prompting experts to speak of a "social contract" between the state and its citizens. The 2020 protests, however, convey significant dissatisfaction with the Lukashenka regime across a broad social and generational base. By comparing survey data from late 2020 with data from 2011 and 2018, we examine changing attitudes towards democracy and state involvement in economic affairs. We find a departure from paternalist values, implying an erosion of the value base for the previous social contract. Belarusian society has become more supportive of liberal political and economic values. This trend is particularly driven by the older generation and does not exclude Lukashenka’s support base. Meanwhile, attitudes towards democracy and the market have implications for people’s social and institutional trust, preference for democracy, and political participation

FTA+ statt Mitgliedschaft: Über ukrainische Interessenlagen und europäische Handlungsspielräume

In der Gemeinsamen Erklärung der Präsidenten Nicolas Sarkozy, José Manuel Barroso und Viktor Juschtschenko nach dem jüngsten EU-Ukraine Gipfel in Paris werden die Verhandlungen über ein tief greifendes und umfassendes Freihandelsabkommen (FTA+) als integraler Bestand des geplanten Assoziierungsabkommens zwischen der EU und der Ukraine hervorgehoben. Das FTA+ stellt den zentralen externen Anreiz für die Ukraine dar, sich den (wirtschaftlichen) Spielregeln der EU anzupassen. Denn trotz der Bemühungen des ukrainischen Präsidenten sowie des ukrainischen Außenministeriums ist es mehr als unwahrscheinlich, dass die Präambel des für Ende 2009 geplanten Assoziierungsabkommens einen deutlichen Hinweis auf eine Mit- gliedsperspektive enthalten wird

The role of light and vision in farmed ungulates and implications for their welfare

Understanding the impact of light on, and how it is perceived by, farm animals is crucial for the design of appropriate, high-welfare housing and management conditions. By considering the animal’s visual needs and adaptive capabilities, future housing and management can allow them to better express their natural behavior. In the past, animal environments have been designed primarily to optimize production output and adjusted to human needs. This emphasis has changed toward a more animal-based focus. However, especially in farmed ungulates, there is still limited knowledge about the impact of light parameters on their physiology, performance, and behavior. This poses the risk of not appropriately assessing the importance of these abilities when the animals interact with their physical environment. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the impact of light parameters on farmed ungulates and their preferences for light settings in the most common farmed ungulate species: pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and horses. We focus on three specific light parameters: photoperiod, illumination, and color. Secondly, we identify gaps of knowledge and emphasize their implications for animal welfare and potential improvement of current animal husbandry environments. There was considerable variation in the number of studies by species and light parameters. A large focus of studies looked at illumination in pigs and color perception in horses. Research on cattle, sheep and goats, seems to be underrepresented in the literature. From a human perspective, we tend to overestimate the importance of color perception and preference, whereas contrast discrimination in combination with illumination intensity and quality seems to be more relevant for ungulate orientation and interaction with their environment. Aside from the importance of other senses and their interaction with vision, we conclude that illumination and photoperiodicity seem to be most relevant for securing the welfare of farm ungulates. These aspects should therefore be given more consideration in indoor housing improvements. Future research emphasis should be given to preference testing studies, as they provide insights into the animals’ motivation for specific light conditions that may further improve their welfare, but also health and performance

The role of light and vision in farmed ungulates and implications for their welfare

Understanding the impact of light on, and how it is perceived by, farm animals is crucial for the design of appropriate, high-welfare housing and management conditions. By considering the animal’s visual needs and adaptive capabilities, future housing and management can allow them to better express their natural behavior. In the past, animal environments have been designed primarily to optimize production output and adjusted to human needs. This emphasis has changed toward a more animal-based focus. However, especially in farmed ungulates, there is still limited knowledge about the impact of light parameters on their physiology, performance, and behavior. This poses the risk of not appropriately assessing the importance of these abilities when the animals interact with their physical environment. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the impact of light parameters on farmed ungulates and their preferences for light settings in the most common farmed ungulate species: pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and horses. We focus on three specific light parameters: photoperiod, illumination, and color. Secondly, we identify gaps of knowledge and emphasize their implications for animal welfare and potential improvement of current animal husbandry environments. There was considerable variation in the number of studies by species and light parameters. A large focus of studies looked at illumination in pigs and color perception in horses. Research on cattle, sheep and goats, seems to be underrepresented in the literature. From a human perspective, we tend to overestimate the importance of color perception and preference, whereas contrast discrimination in combination with illumination intensity and quality seems to be more relevant for ungulate orientation and interaction with their environment. Aside from the importance of other senses and their interaction with vision, we conclude that illumination and photoperiodicity seem to be most relevant for securing the welfare of farm ungulates. These aspects should therefore be given more consideration in indoor housing improvements. Future research emphasis should be given to preference testing studies, as they provide insights into the animals’ motivation for specific light conditions that may further improve their welfare, but also health and performance